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becomes very high

  • 1 достигающий очень больших значений

    The thermal energy of the completely decelerated gas is characterized by the impact temperature which in some instances becomes very high.

    Русско-английский словарь по космонавтике > достигающий очень больших значений

  • 2 ценовые корректировки

    Потери прибыли для монополиста в условиях отсутствия обязательств становятся очень высокими, когда он часто проводит ценовые корректировки. — The profit loss for the monopolist under noncommitment becomes very high when his price adjustments are frequent.

    Russian-English Dictionary "Microeconomics" > ценовые корректировки

  • 3 estimar

    v.
    1 to think highly of, to respect (apreciar) (person).
    estima mucho a sus amigos he values his friends highly
    2 to value.
    estimar el valor de algo to estimate the value of something
    han estimado que las pérdidas superan los cien millones the losses are estimated to be over a hundred million
    El gerente estima a su secretaria The manager holds his secretary in regard
    3 to consider, to deem.
    no estimó necesario realizar declaraciones she didn't consider o deem it necessary to make any statement
    4 to estimate, to calculate, to deem, to figure.
    El gerente estima los gastos The manager estimates the expenses.
    * * *
    1 (apreciar) to esteem, respect, hold in esteem, admire
    2 (valorar) to value
    3 (juzgar, creer) to consider, think, reckon
    4 (calcular) to estimate
    * * *
    verb
    3) consider, regard
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (Com) (=evaluar) to estimate; (=valorar) to value, appraise (EEUU) (en at)

    ¡se estima! — thanks very much!, I appreciate it!

    2) (=respetar) to respect
    3) (=juzgar) to consider, deem
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( apreciar)
    a) < persona> to respect, hold... in high o great esteem (frml)

    lo estimo mucho, pero sólo como amigo — I'm very fond of him, but only as a friend

    b) < objeto> to value
    2) (frml) ( considerar) (+ compl) to consider, deem (frml)
    3) ( calcular) <valor/costo/pérdidas> to estimate
    * * *
    = appraise, deem, estimate, reckon, gauge, esteem, hold in + esteem, prize [prise, -USA], hold + Nombre + dear.
    Ex. If one walks round a large general booskshop and carefully appraises the stock on display it becomes clear quite quickly that there are many types of books which seem to bear a strong similarity to each other.
    Ex. If a corporate body is deemed to have some intellectual responsibility for the content of a work, then the name of that body will usually feature as a heading on either a main or added entry.
    Ex. For example, without scanning the entire index it is impossible to estimate the total number of relevant documents in the system, a figure that is required in the calculation of recall.
    Ex. Book form is easy to use, readable, and reckoned to be an acceptable format for many users.
    Ex. The 2nd 'Think Tank' held in Dallas, June 89, focused on gauging what breakthrough issues are occurring in the field that directly concern libraries and merit consideration.
    Ex. But women value social progress and consciousness of success less than men and esteem freedom and love.
    Ex. However, staff of reference libraries are not always held in such high esteem.
    Ex. She was so poor that she had nothing but one single hen, which she prized as the apple of her eye.
    Ex. Cuts in Government agriculture spending are an attack on everything we hold dear in this country.
    ----
    * estimar a grosso modo = guesstimate.
    * estimar la demanda de Algo = gauge + the demand for.
    * estimar los costes = cost out.
    * subestimar = understatement.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( apreciar)
    a) < persona> to respect, hold... in high o great esteem (frml)

    lo estimo mucho, pero sólo como amigo — I'm very fond of him, but only as a friend

    b) < objeto> to value
    2) (frml) ( considerar) (+ compl) to consider, deem (frml)
    3) ( calcular) <valor/costo/pérdidas> to estimate
    * * *
    = appraise, deem, estimate, reckon, gauge, esteem, hold in + esteem, prize [prise, -USA], hold + Nombre + dear.

    Ex: If one walks round a large general booskshop and carefully appraises the stock on display it becomes clear quite quickly that there are many types of books which seem to bear a strong similarity to each other.

    Ex: If a corporate body is deemed to have some intellectual responsibility for the content of a work, then the name of that body will usually feature as a heading on either a main or added entry.
    Ex: For example, without scanning the entire index it is impossible to estimate the total number of relevant documents in the system, a figure that is required in the calculation of recall.
    Ex: Book form is easy to use, readable, and reckoned to be an acceptable format for many users.
    Ex: The 2nd 'Think Tank' held in Dallas, June 89, focused on gauging what breakthrough issues are occurring in the field that directly concern libraries and merit consideration.
    Ex: But women value social progress and consciousness of success less than men and esteem freedom and love.
    Ex: However, staff of reference libraries are not always held in such high esteem.
    Ex: She was so poor that she had nothing but one single hen, which she prized as the apple of her eye.
    Ex: Cuts in Government agriculture spending are an attack on everything we hold dear in this country.
    * estimar a grosso modo = guesstimate.
    * estimar la demanda de Algo = gauge + the demand for.
    * estimar los costes = cost out.
    * subestimar = understatement.

    * * *
    estimar [A1 ]
    vt
    1 ‹persona› to respect, hold … in high o great esteem ( frml)
    era muy estimado por todo el pueblo madrileño he was held in very high o great esteem by the people of Madrid, the people of Madrid thought very highly of him
    lo estimo mucho, pero sólo como amigo I'm very fond of him, but only as a friend
    2 ‹objeto› to value
    estima mucho esos pendientes porque eran de su abuela she's very fond of those earrings o she values those earrings highly because they belonged to her grandmother
    su piel es muy estimada its skin is highly prized
    B ( frml) (considerar) (+ compl) to consider, deem ( frml)
    no estimo necesario que se tomen esas medidas I do not consider it necessary to take those measures, I do not think those measures are necessary
    estimé conveniente que otra persona lo sustituyese I considered it advisable for someone else to replace him
    C (calcular) ‹valor/costo/pérdidas› to estimate estimar algo EN algo to estimate sth AT sth
    el incendio causó pérdidas estimadas en varios millones the fire caused losses estimated at several million
    * * *

     

    estimar ( conjugate estimar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹ persona› ( respetar) to respect, hold … in high esteem (frml);

    ( tener cariño) to be fond of
    b) ‹ objeto› to value;


    2 (frml) ( considerar) (+ compl) to consider, deem (frml)
    estimar verbo transitivo
    1 frml (sentir cariño) to esteem, respect
    2 (juzgar, considerar) to consider, think: no lo estimo necesario, I don't think it is necessary
    3 (valorar) to appreciate, think highly of: estimo tu ayuda, I appreciate your help
    4 (calcular) to estimate
    ' estimar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    calcular
    English:
    deem
    - esteem
    - estimate
    - gauge
    - prize
    - rate
    - see
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [apreciar] [persona] to think highly of, to respect;
    [cosa] to value;
    estima mucho a sus amigos he values his friends highly;
    te estimo mucho, pero esto no te lo puedo permitir I have great respect for you, but I can't allow you to do this;
    estimamos enormemente su colaboración we value her help enormously, her help means a great deal to us;
    estima su vida en bien poco he has little regard for his own life;
    un fruto muy estimado en la cocina oriental a fruit that is highly prized in oriental cooking
    2. [evaluar] to value;
    estimar el valor de algo to estimate the value of sth;
    han estimado que las pérdidas superan los cien millones the losses are estimated to be over a hundred million
    3. Formal [creer] to consider, to deem;
    no estimó necesario realizar declaraciones she didn't consider o deem it necessary to make any statement
    4. [aceptar] [solicitud] to accept;
    [querella, demanda] to uphold
    * * *
    v/t
    1 respect, hold in high regard;
    estimar (en) poco not think much of
    :
    estimo conveniente que I consider it advisable to
    :
    estimar en estimate at; objeto value at
    * * *
    1) apreciar: to esteem, to respect
    2) evaluar: to estimate, to appraise
    3) opinar: to consider, to deem

    Spanish-English dictionary > estimar

  • 4 λίαν

    λίαν adv. (Hom. et al. as λίην; as λίαν Pind.+) to a high degree, very (much), exceedingly.
    ⓐ used w. verbs: preceding them (EpArist 312; Jos., Vi. 404) λ. ἀντέστη he vehemently opposed 2 Ti 4:15. λ. πρόσεχε be scrupulously on your guard D 6:3. λ. ἐκκέχυμαι ἀγαπῶν ὑμᾶς I pour out my love over you IPhld 5:1. ὅταν … λ. πικρανθῇ when the person becomes very bitter Hm 10, 2, 3; cp. 9:9b; 12, 1, 2; 12, 4, 1; Hs 5, 2, 7; 6, 2, 7; 7:1; 8, 3, 8; 9, 11, 3. Following the verb (Gen 4:5) ἐθυμώθη λ. he became very angry Mt 2:16. θαυμάζειν … λ. 27:14; ἔκλαυσα λ. I wept bitterly Hm 3:3; ἐχάρη λ. he was very glad Lk 23:8; Hs 5, 2, 5; 8, 1, 16; also λ. ἐχάρη 5, 2, 11. In a letter ἐχάρην λ. I was very glad (BGU 632, 10; PGiss 21, 3) 2J 4; 3J 3. ἐλυπήθη λ. (Cain) was filled with grief 1 Cl 4:3 (cp. Gen. 4:5). Strengthened λίαν ἐκ περισσοῦ altogether Mk 6:51.
    ⓑ used w. adjs., which
    α. serve as attribute (SIG 1102, 12 αἱ λίαν ἄκαιροι δαπάναι): preceding the adj(s).: καὶ γε λ. πιστοὺς κ. ἱσχυρούς also very committed and steadfast Hs 9, 9, 9a; λ. ὑψηλός grown very high Hs 8, 1, 2; λ. εὐειδής very charming AcPl Ha 3, 13. Following the adj.: ὄρος ὑψηλὸν λ. very high Mt 4:8; χαλεποὶ λ. very dangerous 8:28. ἀψινθίου μικρὸν λ. only a little bit Hm 5, 1, 5. πρόβατα πολλὰ λ. very many sheep Hs 6, 1, 6a. ῥάβδον σκληρὰν λ. a very sturdy stick 6, 2, 5. πικρὸν λ. AcPl Ha 4, 20 very fierce.
    β. serve as predicate: preceding (Diod S 14, 58, 2 λίαν ὀχυρός; PTebt 315, 18 ὁ ἄνθρωπος λείαν ἐστὶν αὐστηρός; TestJob 13:6 λ. μου χρηστοῦ ὄντος) αἰσχρὰ καὶ λ. αἰσχρά shameful, very shameful 1 Cl 47:6. λ. ἄφρων εἰμί Hm 4, 2, 1; cp. κἂν λ. σύνετος ἦν τις Hs 5, 5, 4. ὤφθη … μοι … λ. πρεσβυτέρα a very elderly woman v 3, 10, 3; cp. m 8, 6; Hs 2:5; 5, 3, 5; 6, 1, 6bc; 6, 2, 3; 8, 1, 17f; 9, 1, 7b; 10a; 9, 2, 4; 9, 3, 1; 9, 6, 8; 9, 9, 2; 7. Following (Gen 1:31; Tob 6:12 S) ἐγένετο λευκὰ λ. Mk 9:3. ὸ̔ν ἀγαπητὸν λ. ἔχετε for whom you have a special affection 1 Pol 7:2. περίλυπος ἤμην λ. I was extremely unhappy Hv 3, 10, 6. ἐντολαὶ … σκληραὶ … σκληραί εἰσι very demanding or severe m 12, 3, 4; (λίθοι) σκληροὶ … λ. εὑρέθησαν turned out to be too hard to dress/shape Hs 9, 8, 6. αὐθάδης εἶ λ. you are very stubborn 5, 4, 2. Cp. 9, 1, 7a; 10b; 9, 9, 4.
    ⓒ used w. an adv., following it (Da 11:25) πρωὶ̈ ἔννυχα λ. early in the morning, when it was still quite dark Mk 1:35. Preceding it (2 Macc 11:1; EpArist 230; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 286; 2, 3; Tat. 2, 1; 21, 3; PMich 154, 17 λ. νυκτός) λ. πρωί̈ very early in the morning 16:2. λ. ὀργίλως ἐλάλησεν with vehement anger Hm 12, 4, 1. S. ὑπερλίαν.—DELG. M-M.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > λίαν

  • 5 Giffard, Baptiste Henry Jacques (Henri)

    [br]
    b. 8 February 1825 Paris, France
    d. 14 April 1882 Paris, France
    [br]
    French pioneer of airships and balloons, inventor of an injector for steam-boiler feedwater.
    [br]
    Giffard entered the works of the Western Railway of France at the age of 16 but became absorbed by the problem of steam-powered aerial navigation. He proposed a steam-powered helicopter in 1847, but he then turned his attention to an airship. He designed a lightweight coke-burning, single-cylinder steam engine and boiler which produced just over 3 hp (2.2 kW) and mounted it below a cigar-shaped gas bag 44 m (144 ft) in length. A triangular rudder was fitted at the rear to control the direction of flight. On 24 September 1852 Giffard took off from Paris and, at a steady 8 km/h (5 mph), he travelled 28 km (17 miles) to Trappes. This can be claimed to be the first steerable lighter-than-air craft, but with a top speed of only 8 km/h (5 mph) even a modest headwind would have reduced the forward speed to nil (or even negative). Giffard built a second airship, which crashed in 1855, slightly injuring Giffard and his companion; a third airship was planned with a very large gas bag in order to lift the inherently heavy steam engine and boiler, but this was never built. His airships were inflated by coal gas and refusal by the gas company to provide further supplies brought these promising experiments to a premature end.
    As a draughtsman Giffard had the opportunity to travel on locomotives and he observed the inadequacies of the feed pumps then used to supply boiler feedwater. To overcome these problems he invented the injector with its series of three cones: in the first cone (convergent), steam at or below boiler pressure becomes a high-velocity jet; in the second (also convergent), it combines with feedwater to condense and impart high velocity to it; and in the third (divergent), that velocity is converted into pressure sufficient to overcome the pressure of steam in the boiler. The injector, patented by Giffard, was quickly adopted by railways everywhere, and the royalties provided him with funds to finance further experiments in aviation. These took the form of tethered hydrogen-inflated balloons of successively larger size. At the Paris Exposition of 1878 one of these balloons carried fifty-two passengers on each tethered "flight". The height of the balloon was controlled by a cable attached to a huge steam-powered winch, and by the end of the fair 1,033 ascents had been made and 35,000 passengers had seen Paris from the air. This, and similar balloons, greatly widened the public's interest in aeronautics. Sadly, after becoming blind, Giffard committed suicide; however, he died a rich man and bequeathed large sums of money to the State for humanitarian an scientific purposes.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Croix de la Légion d'honneur 1863.
    Bibliography
    1860, Notice théorique et pratique sur l'injecteur automoteur.
    1870, Description du premier aérostat à vapeur.
    Further Reading
    Dictionnaire de biographie française.
    Gaston Tissandier, 1872, Les Ballons dirigeables, Paris.
    —1878, Le Grand ballon captif à vapeur de M. Henri Giffard, Paris.
    W.de Fonvielle, 1882, Les Ballons dirigeables à vapeur de H.Giffard, Paris. Giffard is covered in most books on balloons or airships, e.g.: Basil Clarke, 1961, The History of Airships, London. L.T.C.Rolt, 1966, The Aeronauts, London.
    Ian McNeill (ed.), 1990, An Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology, London: Routledge, pp. 575 and 614.
    J.T.Hodgson and C.S.Lake, 1954, Locomotive Management, Tothill Press, p. 100.
    PJGR / JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Giffard, Baptiste Henry Jacques (Henri)

  • 6 apreciar

    v.
    1 to appreciate.
    aprecio mucho tu ayuda I really appreciate your help
    Yo aprecio tu ayuda I appreciate your help.
    2 to be fond of.
    3 to detect, to notice.
    apreciaron una mejora significativa they detected o noticed a significant improvement
    para apreciar mejor los detalles to be able to see the detail better
    4 to appreciate to.
    Yo aprecio escuchar las aves cantar I appreciate to hear the birds sing.
    5 to perceive, to comprehend, to understand.
    El apreció la gravedad del asunto He perceived the gravity of the matter.
    6 to appraise.
    El perito aprecia las joyas The expert appraises the jewels.
    * * *
    1 (valorar) to appraise (en, at)
    2 (sentir aprecio) to regard highly, hold in high esteem
    3 (reconocer valor) to appreciate
    4 (percibir) to notice, see, perceive
    1 (notarse) to be noticed, be noticeable
    * * *
    verb
    to appreciate, be fond of, value, esteem
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=tener cariño a) to be fond of, like
    2) (=valorar) to value

    apreciar algo (en) poco — to attach little value to sth, set little value on sth

    3) (=percibir) [+ comida, música] to appreciate
    4) (Econ) [+ moneda] to revalue
    5) (=agradecer) to appreciate
    6) (=detectar) to notice, detect

    no apreció el sarcasmo en sus palabras — he didn't notice o detect the sarcasm in her words

    7) LAm (=realzar) to add value to, enhance, improve
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) < persona> to be fond of
    2) <interés/ayuda/arte> to appreciate
    3) (percibir, observar) to see
    2.
    apreciarse v pron (frml) moneda to appreciate (frml)
    * * *
    = appraise, appreciate, gain + an appreciation, have + a feeling about/for, cherish, relish, taste, prize [prise, -USA], take in, look up to, hold + Nombre + dear.
    Ex. If one walks round a large general booskshop and carefully appraises the stock on display it becomes clear quite quickly that there are many types of books which seem to bear a strong similarity to each other.
    Ex. Most users would appreciate disciplines placed adjacent to related disciplines.
    Ex. The students have gained an appreciation of how their library skills can contribute to furthering knowledge about the culture of their country.
    Ex. But if you have a certain feeling about language, then language ends up becoming very, very important.
    Ex. The British Museum Reading Room is filled with cranks, hacks, poverty-stricken scholars who cherish their hobby.
    Ex. They all relish a fast paced working environment, rapid change and constant challenges to traditional notions of what a library and library work should be.
    Ex. Professional skills are enhanced by the opportunity which IFLA provides to taste the cultures of other countries in a very accessible (dare I say privileged?) way.
    Ex. She was so poor that she had nothing but one single hen, which she prized as the apple of her eye.
    Ex. People like to browse the books and magazines, take in the ambiance, and be seen and perceived as a patron of the arts and literature.
    Ex. No mattter how high I get, I'll still be looking up to you.
    Ex. Cuts in Government agriculture spending are an attack on everything we hold dear in this country.
    ----
    * apreciar mejor = gain + an appreciation.
    * apreciar muchísimo = treasure.
    * capaz de apreciar = appreciative.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) < persona> to be fond of
    2) <interés/ayuda/arte> to appreciate
    3) (percibir, observar) to see
    2.
    apreciarse v pron (frml) moneda to appreciate (frml)
    * * *
    = appraise, appreciate, gain + an appreciation, have + a feeling about/for, cherish, relish, taste, prize [prise, -USA], take in, look up to, hold + Nombre + dear.

    Ex: If one walks round a large general booskshop and carefully appraises the stock on display it becomes clear quite quickly that there are many types of books which seem to bear a strong similarity to each other.

    Ex: Most users would appreciate disciplines placed adjacent to related disciplines.
    Ex: The students have gained an appreciation of how their library skills can contribute to furthering knowledge about the culture of their country.
    Ex: But if you have a certain feeling about language, then language ends up becoming very, very important.
    Ex: The British Museum Reading Room is filled with cranks, hacks, poverty-stricken scholars who cherish their hobby.
    Ex: They all relish a fast paced working environment, rapid change and constant challenges to traditional notions of what a library and library work should be.
    Ex: Professional skills are enhanced by the opportunity which IFLA provides to taste the cultures of other countries in a very accessible (dare I say privileged?) way.
    Ex: She was so poor that she had nothing but one single hen, which she prized as the apple of her eye.
    Ex: People like to browse the books and magazines, take in the ambiance, and be seen and perceived as a patron of the arts and literature.
    Ex: No mattter how high I get, I'll still be looking up to you.
    Ex: Cuts in Government agriculture spending are an attack on everything we hold dear in this country.
    * apreciar mejor = gain + an appreciation.
    * apreciar muchísimo = treasure.
    * capaz de apreciar = appreciative.

    * * *
    apreciar [A1 ]
    vt
    A ‹persona› to be fond of
    un amigo al que aprecio mucho a very dear friend
    B
    1 ‹interés/ayuda› to appreciate
    aprecio muchísimo todo lo que has hecho por mí I really appreciate everything you've done for me
    2 ‹arte/música› to appreciate
    sabe apreciar la buena comida she appreciates good food
    un café para los que saben apreciar lo que es bueno a coffee for true connoisseurs, a coffee for people who appreciate the good things in life
    C (percibir, observar) to see
    en la radiografía se aprecian unas manchas oscuras some dark areas are visible o can be seen on the X-ray
    fue difícil apreciar la magnitud de los daños it was difficult to appreciate the extent of the damage
    este año se ha apreciado un ligero descenso en el número de accidentes there has been a slight drop in the number of accidents this year
    ( frml); «moneda» to appreciate ( frml)
    * * *

     

    apreciar ( conjugate apreciar) verbo transitivo
    1 ‹ persona› to be fond of
    2 ‹interés/ayuda/arte› to appreciate
    3 (percibir, observar) to see;

    apreciar verbo transitivo
    1 to appreciate ➣ Ver nota en appreciate 2 (observar, ver) to notice, see
    ' apreciar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    distinguir
    - gusto
    English:
    appreciate
    - dear
    - esteem
    - kindly
    - prize
    - treasure
    - appreciation
    - cherish
    - value
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [valorar] to appreciate, to value;
    aprecio mucho tu ayuda I really appreciate your help;
    aprecia demasiado las cosas materiales she puts too high a value on material things;
    un plato muy apreciado por los turistas a dish that is very popular with tourists;
    no sabe apreciar una buena obra de teatro he doesn't know how to appreciate a good play
    2. [sentir afecto por]
    aprecio mucho a tu hermana I think a lot of your sister, I'm very fond of your sister
    3. [percibir] to detect, to notice;
    han apreciado una mejora significativa they have detected o noticed a significant improvement;
    acércate si quieres apreciar mejor los detalles come closer so you can see the detail better
    * * *
    v/t
    1 appreciate
    2 ( sentir afecto por) be fond of, think highly of
    * * *
    1) estimar: to appreciate, to value
    2) evaluar: to appraise, to assess
    * * *
    1. (valorar) to appreciate / to value
    2. (estimar) to be fond of
    3. (percibir) to notice / to see [pt. saw; pp. seen]

    Spanish-English dictionary > apreciar

  • 7 BERA

    * * *
    I)
    (ber; bar, bárum; borinn), v.
    I.
    1) to bear, carry, convey (bar B. biskup í börum suðr í Hvamm);
    bera (farm) af skipi, to unload a ship;
    bera (mat) af borði, to take (the meat) off the table;
    bera e-t á hesti, to carry on horseback;
    2) to wear (bera klæði, vápn, kórónu);
    bera œgishjálm, to inspire fear and awe;
    3) to bear, produce, yield (jörðin berr gras; tré bera aldin, epli);
    4) to bear, give birth to, esp. of sheep and cows;
    kýr hafði borit kálf, had calved;
    absol., ván at hón mundi bera, that the cow would calve;
    the pp. is used of men; hann hafði verit blindr borinn, born blind;
    verða borinn í þenna heim, to be born into this world;
    þann sóma, sem ek em til borinn, born to;
    borinn e-m, frá e-m (rare), born of;
    Nótt var Nörvi borin, was the daughter of N.;
    borinn Sigmundi, son of S.;
    5) bera e-n afli, ofrafli, ofrliði, ofrmagni, ofríki, to bear one down, overcome, oppress, one by odds or superior force;
    bera e-n ráðum, to overrule one;
    bera e-n bjóri, to make drunk with beer;
    verða bráðum borinn, to be taken by surprise;
    borinn verkjum, overcome by pains;
    þess er borin ván, there is no hope, all hope is gone;
    borinn baugum, bribed; cf. bera fé á e-n, to bribe one;
    6) to lear, be capable of bearing (of a ship, horse, vehicle);
    þeir hlóðu bæði skipin sem borð báru, with as much as they could carry;
    fig., to sustain, support (svá mikill mannfjöldi, at landit fekk eigi borit);
    of persons, to bear up against, endure, support (grief, sorrow, etc.);
    absol., bar hann drengiliga, he bore it manfully;
    similarly, bera (harm) af sér, berast vel (illa, lítt) af;
    bar hon sköruliga af sér, she bore up bravely;
    hversu berst Auðr af um bróðurdauðann, how does she bear it?
    hon berst af lítt, she is much cast down;
    bera sik vel upp, to bear well up against;
    7) bera e-t á, e-n á hendr e-m, to charge or tax one with (eigi erum vér þess valdir, er þú berr á oss);
    bera (kvið) á e-n, to give a verdict against, declare guilty (í annat sinn báru þeir á Flosa kviðinn);
    bera af e-m (kviðinn), to give a verdict for;
    bera e-t af sér, to deny having done a thing;
    bera or bera vitni, vætti, to bear witness, testify;
    bera or bera um e-t, to give a verdict in a case;
    bera e-n sannan at sök, to prove guilty by evidence;
    bera e-n undan sök, to acquit;
    bera í sundr frændsemi þeirra, to prove (by evidence) that they are not relations;
    refl. (pass.), berast, to be proved by evidence (þótt þér berist þat faðerni, er þú segir);
    8) to set forth, report, tell;
    bera e-m kveðju (orð, orðsending), to bring one a greeting, compliments (word, message);
    bera or bera fram erindi sín fyrir e-n, to state (tell) one’s errand or to plead one’s case before one;
    bera e-m njósn, to apprise one;
    bera e-t upp, to produce, mention, tell;
    bera upp erindi sín, to state one’s errand;
    bera saman ráð sín, to consult together;
    eyddist það ráð, er þeir báru saman, which they had designed;
    9) to keep, hold, bear, of a title (bera jarlnafn, konnungsnafn);
    bera (eigi) giptu, gæfu, hammingju, auðnu til e-s, (not) to have the good fortune to do a thing (bar hann enga gæfu til at þjóna þér);
    bera vit, skyn, kunnáttu á e-t, to have knowledge of, uniderstanding about;
    bera hug, áræði, þor, traust til e-s, to have courage, confidence to do a thing;
    bera áhyggju fyrir e-u, to be concerned about;
    bera ást, elsku, hatr til e-s, to bear affection, love, hatred to;
    10) to bear off or away, carry off (some gain);
    bera sigr af e-m, af e-u, to carry off the victory from or in;
    hann hafði borit sigr af tveim orustum, he had been victorious in two battles;
    bera hærra (lægra) hlut to get the best (the worst) of it;
    bera efra (hærra) skjöld, to gain the victory;
    bera hátt (lágt) höfuðit, to bear the head high (low), to be in high (low) spirits;
    bera halann bratt, lágt, to cock up or let fall the tail, to be in high or low spirits;
    11) with preps.:
    bera af e-m, to surpass;
    en þó bar Bolli af, surpassed all the rest;
    bera af sér högg, lag to ward off, parry a blow or thrust;
    bera eld at, to set fire to;
    bera fjötur (bönd) at e-m, to put fetters (bonds) on one;
    bera á or í, to smear, anoint (bera vatn í augu sér, bera tjöru í höfuð sér);
    bera e-t til, to apply to, to try if it fits (bera til hvern lykil af öðrum at portinu);
    bera e-t um, to wind round;
    þá bar hann þá festi um sik, made it fast round his body;
    bera um með e-n, to bear with, have patience with;
    bera út barn, to expose a child;
    12) refl., berast mikit (lítit) á, to bear oneself proudly (humbly);
    láta af berast, to die;
    láta fyrir berast e-s staðar, to stay, remain in a place (for shelter);
    berast e-t fyrir, to design a thing (barst hann þat fyrir at sjá aldregi konur);
    at njósna um, hvat hann bærist fyrir, to inquire into what he was about;
    berast vápn á, to attack one another;
    berast at or til, to happen;
    þat barst at (happened) á einhverju sumri;
    ef svá harðliga kann til at berast, if that misfortune does happen;
    berast í móti, to happen, occur;
    hefir þetta vel í móti borizt, it is a happy coincidence;
    berast við, to be prevented;
    ok nú lét almáttugr guð við berast kirkjubrunann, prevented, stopped the burning of the church;
    II. impers., denoting a sort of passive or involuntary motion;
    alla berr at sama brunni, all come to the same well (end);
    bar hann (acc.) þá ofan gegnt Ösuri, he happened to come down just opposite to Ö.;
    esp. of ships and sailors; berr oss (acc.) til Íslands eða annarra landa, we drift to Iceland or other countries;
    þá (acc.) bar suðr í haf, they were carried out southwards;
    Skarpheðin (acc.) bar nú at þeim, S. came suddenly upon them;
    ef hann (acc.) skyldi bera þar at, if he should happen to come there;
    e-n berr yfir, one is borne onwards, of a bird flying, a man riding;
    hann (acc.) bar skjótt yfir, it passed quickly (of a flying meteor);
    2) followed by preps.:
    Gunnar sér, at rauðan kyrtil bar við glugginn, that a red kirtle passed before the window;
    hvergi bar skugga (acc.) á, there was nowhere a shadow;
    e-t berr fram (hátt), is prominent;
    Ólafr konungr stóð í lyptingu ok bar hann (acc.) hátt mjök, stood out conspicuously;
    e-t berr á milli, comes between;
    leiti (acc.) bar á milli, a hill hid the prospect;
    fig. e-m berr e-t á milli, they are at variance about a thing;
    mart (acc.) berr nú fyrir augu mér, many things come now before my eyes;
    veiði (acc.) berr í hendr e-m, game falls to one’s lot;
    e-t berr undan, goes amiss, fails;
    bera saman, to coincide;
    bar nöfn þeirra saman, they had the same name;
    fig., with dat.; bar öllum sögum vel saman, all the stories agreed well together;
    fund várn bar saman, we met;
    3) bera at, til, við, at hendi, til handa, to befall, happen, with dat. of the person;
    svá bar at einn vetr, it happened one winter;
    þó at þetta vandræði (acc.) hafi nú borit oss (dat.) at hendi, has befallen us;
    bar honum svá til, it so befell him;
    þat bar við (it so happened), at Högni kom;
    raun (acc.) berr á, it is proved by fact;
    4) of time, to fall upon;
    ef þing (acc.) berr á hina helgu viku, if the parliament falls in the holy week;
    bera í móti, to coincide, happen exactly at the same time;
    5) denoting cause;
    e-t berr til, causes a thing;
    konungr spurði, hvat til bæri úgleði hans, what was the cause of his grief;
    ætluðu þat þá allir, at þat mundi til bera, that that was the reason;
    berr e-m nauðsyn til e-s, one is obliged to do a thing;
    6) e-t berr undir e-n, falls to a person’s lot;
    hon á arf at taka, þegar er undir hana berr, in her turn;
    e-t berr frá, is surpassing;
    er sagt, at þat (acc.) bæri frá, hvé vel þeir mæltu, it was extraordinary how well they spoke;
    7) e-t berr bráðum, happens of a sudden;
    e-t berr stóru, stórum (stœrrum), it amounts to much (more), it matters a great deal (more), it is of great (greater) importance;
    8) absol. or with an adv., vel, illa, with infin.;
    e-m berr (vel, illa) at gera e-t, it becomes, beseems one (well, ill) to do a thing (berr yðr vel, herra, at sjá sannindi á þessu máli);
    used absol., berr vel, illa, it is beseeming, proper, fit, or unbeseeming, improper, unfit (þat þykkir eigi illa bera, at).
    (að), v. to make bare (hon beraði likam sinn).
    * * *
    1.
    u, f.
    I. [björn], a she-bear, Lat. ursa; the primitive root ‘ber’ remains only in this word (cp. berserkr and berfjall), björn (q. v.) being the masc. in use, Landn. 176, Fas. i. 367, Vkv. 9: in many Icel. local names, Beru-fjörðr, -vík, from Polar bears; fem. names, Bera, Hallbera, etc., Landn.
    II. a shield, poët., the proverb, baugr er á beru sæmstr, to a shield fits best a baugr (q. v.), Lex. Poët., Edda (Gl.); hence names of poems Beru-drápa, Eg.
    2.
    bar, báru, borit, pres. berr,—poët. forms with the suffixed negative; 3rd pers. sing. pres. Indic. berrat, Hm. 10; 3rd pers. sing. pret. barat, Vellekla; 1st pers. sing. barkak, Eb. 62 (in a verse); barkat ek, Hs. 8; 2nd pers. sing. bartattu; 3rd pers. pl. bárut, etc., v. Lex. Poët. [Gr. φέρειν; Lat. ferre; Ulf. bairan; A. S. beran; Germ. gebären; Engl. bear; Swed. bära; Dan. bære].
    A. Lat. ferre, portare:
    I. prop. with a sense of motion, to bear, carry, by means of the body, of animals, of vehicles, etc., with acc., Egil tók mjöðdrekku eina mikla, ok bar undir hendi sér, Eg. 237; bar hann heim hrís, Rm. 9; konungr lét bera inn kistur tvær, báru tveir menn hverja, Eg. 310; bera farm af skipi, to unload a ship, Ld. 32; bera (farm) á skip, to load a ship, Nj. 182; tóku alla ösku ok báru á á ( amnem) út, 623, 36; ok bar þat ( carried it) í kerald, 43, K. Þ. K. 92; b. mat á borð, í stofu, to put the meat on table, in the oven; b. mat af borði, to take it off table, Eb. 36, 266, Nj. 75, Fms. ix. 219, etc.
    2. Lat. gestare, ferre, denoting to wear clothes, to carry weapons; skikkja dýr er konungr hafði borit, Eg. 318; b. kórónu, to wear the crown, Fms. x. 16; atgeir, Nj. 119; vápn, 209: metaph., b. ægishjálm, to inspire fear and awe; b. merki, to carry the flag in a battle, Nj. 274, Orkn. 28, 30, 38, Fms. v. 64, vi. 413; bera fram merki, to advance, move in a battle, vi. 406.
    3. b. e-t á hesti (áburðr), to carry on horseback; Auðunn bar mat á hesti, Grett. 107; ok bar hrís á hesti, 76 new Ed.; þeir báru á sjau hestum, 98 new Ed.
    II. without a sense of motion:
    1. to give birth to; [the root of barn, bairn; byrja, incipere; burðr, partus; and burr, filius: cp. Lat. parĕre; also Gr. φέρειν, Lat. ferre, of child-bearing.] In Icel. prose, old as well as mod., ‘ala’ and ‘fæða’ are used of women; but ‘bera,’ of cows and sheep; hence sauðburðr, casting of lambs, kýrburðr; a cow is snembær, siðbær, Jólabær, calves early, late, at Yule time, etc.; var ekki ván at hon ( the cow) mundi b. fyr en um várit, Bs. i. 193, 194; kýr hafði borit kálf, Bjarn. 32; bar hvárrtveggi sauðrinn sinn burð, Stj. 178: the participle borinn is used of men in a great many compds in a general sense, aptrborinn, árborinn, endrborinn, frjálsborinn, goðborinn, höldborinn, hersborinn, konungborinn, óðalborinn, samborinn, sundrborinn, velborinn, úborinn, þrælborinn, etc.; also out of compds, mun ek eigi upp gefa þann sóma, sem ek em til borinn, … entitled to by inheritance, Ld. 102; hann hafði blindr verit borinn, born blind, Nj. 152, Hdl. 34, 42, Vsp. 2: esp. borinn e-m, born of one, Rm. 39, Hdl. 12, 23, 27, Hðm. 2, Gs. 9, Vþm. 25, Stor. 16, Vkv. 15; borinn frá e-m, Hdl. 24: the other tenses are in theol. Prose used of Christ, hans blezaða son er virðist at láta berast hingað í heim af sinni blezaðri móður, Fms. i. 281; otherwise only in poetry, eina dóttur (acc.) berr álfröðull (viz. the sun, regarded as the mother), Vþm. 47; hann Gjálp um bar, hann Greip um bar …, Hdl. 36: borit (sup.), Hkv. 1. 1.
    β. of trees, flowers; b. ávöxt, blóm …, to bear fruit, flower … (freq.); bar aldinviðrinn tvennan blóma, Fms. ix. 265; cp. the phrase, bera sitt barr, v. barr.
    2. denoting to load, with acc. of the person and dat. of the thing:
    α. in prop. sense; hann hafði borit sik mjök vápnum, he had loaded himself with arms, i. e. wore heavy armour, Sturl. iii. 250.
    β. but mostly in a metaph. sense; b. e-n ofrafli, ofrmagni, ofrliði, ofríki, magni, to bear one down, to overcome, oppress one, by odds or superior force, Grág. i. 101, ii. 195, Nj. 80, Hkr. ii. 371, Gþl. 474, Stj. 512, Fms. iii. 175 (in the last passage a dat. pers. badly); b. e-n ráðum, to overrule one, Nj. 198, Ld. 296; b. e-n málum, to bearhim down (wrongfully) in a lawsuit, Nj. 151; b. e-n bjóri, to make drunk, Vkv. 26: medic., borinn verkjum, sótt, Bjarn. 68, Og. 5; bölvi, Gg. 2: borne down, feeling heavy pains; þess er borin ván, no hope, all hope is gone, Ld. 250; borinn sök, charged with a cause, Fms. v. 324, H. E. i. 561; bráðum borinn, to be taken by surprise, Fms. iv. 111; b. fé, gull á e-n, to bring one a fee, gold, i. e. to bribe one, Nj. 62; borinn baugum, bribed, Alvm. 5; always in a bad sense, cp. the law phrase, b. fé í dóm, to bribe a court, Grág., Nj. 240.
    3. to bear, support, sustain, Lat. sustinere, lolerare, ferre:
    α. properly, of a ship, horse, vehicle, to bear, be capable of bearing; þeir hlóðu bæði skipin sem borð báru, all that they could carry, Eb. 302;—a ship ‘berr’ ( carries) such and such a weight; but ‘tekr’ ( takes) denotes a measure of fluids.
    β. metaph. to sustain, support; dreif þannig svá mikill mannfjöldi at landit fékk eigi borit, Hkr. i. 56; but metaph. to bear up against, endure, support grief, sorrow, etc., sýndist öllum at Guð hefði nær ætlað hvat hann mundi b. mega, Bs. i. 139; biðr hann friðar ok þykist ekki mega b. reiði hans, Fms. iii. 80: the phrase, b. harm sinn í hljóði, to suffer silently; b. svívirðing, x. 333: absol., þótti honum mikit víg Kjartans, en þó bar hann drengilega, he bore it manfully, Ld. 226; er þat úvizka, at b. eigi slíkt, not to bear or put up with, Glúm. 327; b. harm, to grieve, Fms. xi. 425: in the phrases, b. sik, b. af sér, berask, berask vel (illa, lítt), to bear oneself, to bear up against misfortune; Guðrúnu þótti mikit fráfall Þorkels, en þó bar hon sköruliga af sér, she bore her bravely up, Ld. 326–328; lézt hafa spurt at ekkjan bæri vel af sér harmana, Eb. 88; berask af; hversu bersk Auðr af um bróðurdauðann? (how does she bear it?); hón bersk af lítt ( she is much borne down) ok þykir mikit, Gísl. 24; niun oss vandara gört en öðrum at vér berim oss vel (Lat. fortiter ferre), Nj. 197; engi maðr hefði þar jamvel borit sik, none bad borne himself so boldly, Sturl. iii. 132; b. sik vel upp, to bear well up against, bear a stout heart, Hrafn. 17; b. sik beiskliga ( sorely), Stj. 143; b. sik lítt, to be downcast, Fms. ii. 61; b. sik at göra e-t, to do one’s best, try a thing.
    III. in law terms or modes of procedure:
    1. bera járn, the ordeal of bearing hot iron in the hand, cp. járnburðr, skírsla. This custom was introduced into Scandinavia together with Christianity from Germany and England, and superseded the old heathen ordeals ‘hólmganga,’ and ‘ganga undir jarðarmen,’ v. this word. In Norway, during the civil wars, it was esp. used in proof of paternity of the various pretenders to the crown, Fms. vii. 164, 200, ix. Hák. S. ch. 14, 41–45, viii. (Sverr. S.) ch. 150, xi. (Jómsv. S.) ch. 11, Grett. ch. 41, cp. N. G. L. i. 145, 389. Trial by ordeal was abolished in Norway A. D. 1247. In Icel. It was very rarely mentioned, vide however Lv. ch. 23 (paternity), twice or thrice in the Sturl. i. 56, 65, 147, and Grág. i. 341, 361; it seems to have been very seldom used there, (the passage in Grett. S. l. c. refers to Norway.)
    2. bera út (hence útburðr, q. v.), to expose children; on this heathen custom, vide Grimm R. A. In heathen Icel., as in other parts of heathen Scandinavia, it was a lawful act, but seldom exercised; the chief passages on record are, Gunnl. S. ch. 3 (ok þat var þá siðvandi nokkurr, er land var allt alheiðit, at þeir menn er félitlir vórn, en stóð ómegð mjök til handa létu út bera börn sín, ok þótti þó illa gört ávalt), Fs. Vd. ch. 37, Harð. S. ch. 8, Rd. ch. 7, Landn. v. ch. 6, Finnb. ch. 2, Þorst. Uxaf. ch. 4, Hervar. S. ch. 4, Fas. i. 547 (a romance); cp. Jómsv. S. ch. 1. On the introduction of Christianity into Icel. A. D. 1000, it was resolved that, in regard to eating of horse-flesh and exposure of children, the old laws should remain in force, Íb. ch. 9; as Grimm remarks, the exposure must take place immediately after birth, before the child had tasted food of any kind whatever, and before it was besprinkled with water (ausa vatni) or shown to the father, who had to fix its name; exposure, after any of these acts, was murder, cp. the story of Liafburga told by Grimm R. A.); v. Also a Latin essay at the end of the Gunnl. S. (Ed. 1775). The Christian Jus Eccl. put an end to this heathen barbarism by stating at its very beginning, ala skal barn hvert er borit verðr, i. e. all children, if not of monstrous shape, shall be brought up, N. G. L. i. 339, 363.
    β. b. út (now more usual, hefja út, Am. 100), to carry out for burial; vera erfðr ok tit borinn, Odd. 20; var hann heygðr, ok út borinn at fornum sið, Fb. i. 123; b. á bál, to place (the body and treasures) upon the pile, the mode of burying in the old heathen time, Fas. i. 487 (in a verse); var hon borin á bálit ok slegit í eldi, Edda 38.
    B. Various and metaph. cases.
    I. denoting motion:
    1. ‘bera’ is in the Grág. the standing law term for delivery of a verdict by a jury (búar), either ‘bera’ absol. or adding kvið ( verdict); bera á e-n, or b. kvið á e-n, to give a verdict against, declare guilty; bera af e-m, or b. af e-m kviðinn, to give a verdict for; or generally, bera, or b. um e-t, to give a verdict in a case; bera, or b. vitni, vætti, also simply means to testify, to witness, Nj. 111, cp. kviðburðr ( delivering of verdict), vitnisburðr ( bearing witness), Grág. ii. 28; eigi eigu búar ( jurors) enn at b. um þat hvat lög eru á landi hér, the jurors have not to give verdict in (to decide) what is law in the country, cp. the Engl. maxim, that jurors have only to decide the question of evidence, not of law, Grág. (Kb.) ch. 85; eigi eru búar skildir at b. um hvatvetna; um engi mál eigu þeir at skilja, þau er erlendis ( abroad) hafa görzt, id.; the form in delivering the verdict—höfum vér ( the jurors), orðit á eitt sáttir, berum á kviðburðinn, berum hann sannan at sökinni, Nj. 238, Grág. i. 49, 22, 138, etc.; í annat sinn báru þeir á Flosa kviðinn, id.; b. annattveggja af eðr á; b. undan, to discharge, Nj. 135; b. kvið í hag ( for), Grág. i. 55; b. lýsingar vætti, Nj. 87; b. vitni ok vætti, 28, 43, 44; b. ljúgvitni, to bear false witness, Grág. i. 28; b. orð, to bear witness to a speech, 43; bera frændsemi sundr, to prove that they are not relations, N. G. L. i. 147: reflex., berask ór vætti, to prove that oneself is wrongly summoned to bear witness or to give a verdict, 44: berask in a pass. sense, to be proved by evidence, ef vanefni b. þess manns er á hönd var lýst, Grág. i. 257; nema jafnmæli berisk, 229; þótt þér berisk þat faðerni er þú segir, Fms. vii. 164; hann kvaðst ætla, at honum mundi berask, that he would be able to get evidence for, Fs. 46.
    β. gener. and not as a law term; b. á, b. á hendr, to charge; b. e-n undan, to discharge, Fs. 95; eigi erum vér þessa valdir er þú berr á oss, Nj. 238, Ld. 206, Fms. iv. 380, xi. 251, Th. 78; b. e-m á brýnn, to throw in one’s face, to accuse, Greg. 51; b. af sér, to deny; eigi mun ek af mér b., at… ( non diffitebor), Nj. 271; b. e-m gott vitni, to give one a good…, 11; b. e-m vel (illa) söguna, to bear favourable (unfavourable) witness of one, 271.
    2. to bear by word of mouth, report, tell, Lat. referre; either absol. or adding kveðju, orð, orðsending, eyrindi, boð, sögu, njósn, frétt…, or by adding a prep., b. fram, frá, upp, fyrir; b. kveðju, to bring a greeting, compliment, Eg. 127; b. erindi (sín) fyrir e-n, to plead one’s case before one, or to tell one’s errand, 472, 473; b. njósn, to apprise, Nj. 131; b. fram, to deliver (a speech), talaði jungherra Magnús hit fyrsta erindi (M. made his first speech in public), ok fanst mönnum mikit um hversu úbernsliga fram var borit, Fms. x. 53; (in mod. usage, b. fram denotes gramm. to pronounce, hence ‘framburðr,’ pronunciation); mun ek þat nú fram b., I shall now tell, produce it, Ld. 256, Eg. 37; b. frá, to attest, relate with emphasis; má þat frá b., Dropl. 21; b. upp, to produce, mention, tell, þótt slík lygi sé upp borin fyrir hann, though such a lie be told him, Eg. 59; þær (viz. charges) urðu engar upp bornar ( produced) við Rút, Nj. 11; berr Sigtryggr þegar upp erindi sín (cp. Germ. ojfenbaren), 271, Ld. 256; b. upp gátu, to give (propound) a riddle, Stj. 411, Fas. i. 464; b. fyrir, to plead as an excuse; b. saman ráð sín, or the like, to consult, Nj. 91; eyddist þat ráð, er þeir báru saman, which they had designed, Post. 656 A. ii; b. til skripta, to confess (eccl.), of auricular confession, Hom. 124, 655 xx.
    II. in a metaphorical or circumlocutory sense, and without any sense of motion, to keep, hold, bear, of a title; b. nafn, to bear a name, esp. as honour or distinction; tignar nafn, haulds nafn, jarls nafn, lends manns nafn, konungs nafn, bónda nafn, Fms. i. 17, vi. 278, xi. 44, Gþl. 106: in a more metaph. sense, denoting endowments, luck, disposition, or the like, b. (ekki) gæfu, hamingju, auðnu til e-s, to enjoy (enjoy not) good or bad luck, etc.; at Þórólfr mundi eigi allsendis gæfu til b. um vináttu við Harald, Eg. 75, 112, 473, Fms. iv. 164, i. 218; úhamingju, 219; b. vit, skyn, kunnáttu á (yfir) e-t, to bring wit, knowledge, etc., to bear upon a thing, xi. 438, Band. 7; hence vel (illa) viti borinn, well (ill) endowed with wit, Eg. 51; vel hyggjandi borinn, well endowed with reason, Grág. ii; b. hug, traust, áræði, þor, til e-s, to have courage, confidence … to do a thing, Gullþ. 47, Fms. ix. 220, Band. 7; b. áhyggju, önn fyrir, to care, be concerned about, Fms. x. 318; b. ást, elsku til e-s, to bear affection, love to one; b. hatr, to hate: b. svört augu, to have dark eyes, poët., Korm. (in a verse); b. snart hjarta, Hom. 5; vant er þat af sjá hvar hvergi berr hjarta sitt, where he keeps his heart, Orkn. 474; b. gott hjarta, to bear a proud heart, Lex. Poët., etc. etc.; b. skyndi at um e-t, to make speed with a thing, Lat. festinare, Fms. viii. 57.
    2. with some sense of motion, to bear off or away, carry off, gain, in such phrases as, b. sigr af e-m, af e-u, to carry off the victory from or in …; hann hafði borit sigr af tveim orrustum, er frægstar hafa verit, he had borne off the victory in two battles, Fms. xi. 186; bera banaorð af e-m, to slay one in a fight, to be the victor; Þorr berr banaorð af Miðgarðsormi, Edda 42, Fms. x. 400: it seems properly to mean, to bear off the fame of having killed a man; verðat svá rík sköp, at Regin skyli mitt banorð bera, Fm. 39; b. hærra, lægra hlut, ‘to bear off the higher or the lower lot,’ i. e. to get the best or the worst of it, or the metaphor is taken from a sortilege, Fms. ii. 268, i. 59, vi. 412; b. efra, hærra skjöld, to carry the highest shield, to get the victory, x. 394, Lex. Poët.; b. hátt (lágt) höfuðit, to bear the head high (low), i. e. to be in high or low spirits, Nj. 91; but also, b. halann bratt (lágt), to cock up or let fall the tail (metaph. from cattle), to be in an exultant or low mood: sundry phrases, as, b. bein, to rest the bones, be buried; far þú til Íslands, þar mun þér auðið verða beinin at b., Grett. 91 A; en þó hygg ek at þú munir hér b. beinin í Norðrálfunni, Orkn. 142; b. fyrir borð, to throw overboard, metaph. to oppress; verðr Þórhalli nú fyrir borð borinn, Th. was defied, set at naught, Fær. 234; b. brjóst fyrir e-m, to be the breast-shield, protection of one, Fms. vii. 263: also, b. hönd fyrir höfuð sér, metaph. to put one’s hand before one’s head, i. e. to defend oneself; b. ægishjálm yfir e-m, to keep one in awe and submission, Fm. 16, vide A. I. 2.
    III. connected with prepp., b. af, and (rarely) yfir (cp. afburðr, yfirburðr), to excel, surpass; eigi sá hvárttveggja féit er af öðrum berr, who gets the best of it, Nj. 15; en þó bar Bolli af, B. surpassed all the rest, Ld. 330; þat mannval bar eigi minnr af öðrum mönnum um fríðleik, afi ok fræknleik, en Ormrinn Langi af öðrum skipum, Fms. ii. 252; at hinn útlendi skal yfir b. ( outdo) þann sem Enskir kalla meistara, xi. 431: b. til, to apply, try if it fits; en er þeir báru til (viz. shoes to the hoof of a horse), þá var sem hæfði hestinum, ix. 55; bera til hvern lykil at öðrum at portinu, Thom. 141; b. e-t við, to try it on (hence viðburðr, experiment, effort): b. um, to wind round, as a cable round a pole or the like, Nj. 115; þá bar hann þá festi um sik, made it fast round his body, Fms. ix. 219; ‘b. e-t undir e-n’ is to consult one, ellipt., b. undir dóm e-s; ‘b. e-t fyrir’ is to feign, use as excuse: b. á, í, to smear, anoint; b. vatn í augu sér, Rb. 354; b. tjöru í höfuð sér, Nj. 181, Hom. 70, 73, cp. áburðr; b. gull, silfr, á, to ornament with gold or silver, Ld. 114, Finnb. 258: is now also used = to dung, b. á völl; b. vápn á e-n, to attack one with sharp weapons, Eg. 583, Fms. xi. 334: b. eld at, to set fire to, Nj. 122; b. fjötur (bönd) at e-m, to put fetters (bonds) on one, Fms. x. 172, Hm. 150: metaph. reflex., bönd berask at e-m, a law term, the evidence bears against one; b. af sér, to parry off; Gyrðr berr af sér lagit, G. parries the thrust off, Fms. x. 421; cp. A. II. 3. β.
    IV. reflex., berask mikit á (cp. áburðr), to bear oneself proudly, or b. lítið á, to bear oneself humbly; hann var hinn kátasti ok barst á mikit, Fms. ii. 68, viii. 219, Eb. 258; b. lítið á, Clem. 35; láta af berask, to die; Óttarr vill skipa til um fjárfar sitt áðr hann láti af b., Fms. ii. 12: berask fyrir, to abide in a place as an asylum, seek shelter; hér munu vit láta fyrir b., Fas. iii. 471; berask e-t fyrir, to design a thing, be busy about, barsk hann þat fyrir at sjá aldregi konur, Greg. 53; at njósna um hvat hann bærist fyrir, to inquire into what he was about, Fms. iv. 184, Vígl. 19.
    β. recipr. in the phrase, berask banaspjót eptir, to seek for one another’s life, Glúm. 354: b. vápn á, of a mutual attack with sharp weapons, Fms. viii. 53.
    γ. pass., sár berask á e-n, of one in the heat of battle beginning to get wounds and give way, Nj.:—berask við, to be prevented, not to do; ok nú lét Almáttugr Guð við berast kirkjubrunnann, stopped, prevented the burning of the church, Fms. v. 144; en mér þætti gott ef við bærist, svá at hón kæmi eigi til þín, vi. 210, vii. 219; ok var þá búit at hann mundi þegar láta hamarinn skjanna honum, en hann lét þat við berask, he bethought himself and did not, Edda 35; því at mönnum þótti sem þannig mundi helzt úhæfa við berask, that mischief would thus be best prevented, Sturl. ii. 6, iii. 80.
    C. IMPERS.:—with a sort of passive sense, both in a loc. and temp. sense, and gener. denotes an involuntary, passive motion, happening suddenly or by chance:
    I. with acc. it bears or carries one to a place, i. e. one happens to come; the proverb, alla (acc.) berr at sama brunni, all come to the same well (end), Lat. omnes una manet nox; bar hann þá ofan gegnt Özuri, he happened to come in his course just opposite to Ö., Lat. delatus est, Dropl. 25: esp. of ships or sailors; nú berr svá til ( happens) herra, at vér komum eigi fram ferðinni, berr oss (acc.) til Íslands eðr annara landa, it bore us to I., i. e. if we drive or drift thither, Fms. iv. 176; þá (acc. pl.) bar suðr í haf, they drifted southwards, Nj. 124.
    β. as a cricketing term, in the phrase, berr (bar) út knöttinn, the ball rolls out, Gísl. 26, cp. p. 110 where it is transit.; berr Gísli ok út knöttinn, vide Vígl. ch. 11, Grett. ch. 17, Vd. ch. 37, Hallfr. S. ch. 2.
    γ. Skarpheðin (acc.) bar nú at þeim, Sk. came suddenly upon them, Nj. 144; bar at Hróaldi þegar allan skjöldinn, the shield was dashed against H.’s body, 198; ok skyldu sæta honum, ef hann (acc.) bæri þar at, if he should per chance come, shew himself there, Orkn. 406; e-n berr yfir, it bears one, i. e. one is borne onwards, as a bird flying, a man riding; þóttist vita, at hann (acc.) mundi fljótara yfir bera ef hann riði en gengi, that he would get on more fleetly riding than walking, Hrafn. 7; hann (acc.) bar skjótt yfir, he passed quickly, of a flying meteor, Nj. 194; e-n berr undan, escapes.
    2. also with acc. followed by prepp. við, saman, jafnframt, hjá, of bodies coinciding or covering one another: loc., er jafnframt ber jaðrana tungls ok sólar, if the orb of the moon and sun cover each other, Rb. 34; þat kann vera stundum, at tunglit (acc.) berr jafht á millum vár ok sólar (i. e. in a moon eclipse), 108; ber nokkut jaðar (acc.) þess hjá sólar jaðri, 34; Gunnarr sér at rauðan kyrtil (acc.) bar við glugginn, G. sees that a red kirtle passed before the window, Nj. 114; bar fyrir utan þat skip vápnaburð (acc.) heiðingja (gen. pl.), the missiles of the heathens passed over the ship without hurting them, flew too high, Fms. vii. 232; hvergi bar skugga (acc.) á, nowhere a shadow, all bright, Nj. 118; þangat sem helzt mátti nokkut yfir þá skugga bera af skóginum, where they were shadowed (hidden) by the trees, Fms. x. 239; e-t berr fram (hátt), a body is prominent, Lat. eminet; Ólafr konungr stóð í lyptingunni, bar hann (acc.) hátt mjök, king O. stood out conspicuously, ii. 308; b. yfir, þótti mjök bera hljóð (acc.) þar yfir er Ólafr sat, the sound was heard over there where O. sat, Sturl. i. 21; b. á milli, something comes between; leiti (acc.) bar á milli, a hill hid the prospect, Nj. 263: metaph., e-m berr e-t á milli, they come to dissent, 13, v. 1.; b. fyrir augu (hence fyrirburðr, vision), of a vision or the like; mart (acc.) berr nú fyrir augu mér, ek sé …, many things come now before my eyes, 104; hann mundi allt þat er fyrir hann hafði borit, i. e. all the dream, 195; eina nótt berr fyrir hann í svefni mikla sýn, Fms. i. 137, Rd. 290; veiði (acc.) berr í hendr e-m (a metaphor from hunting), sport falls to one’s lot; hér bæri veiði í hendr nú, here would be a game, Nj. 252; e-t berr undan (a metaphor from fishing, hunting term), when one misses one’s opportunity; vel væri þá … at þá veiði (acc.) bæri eigi undan, that this game should not go amiss, 69; en ef þetta (acc.) berr undan, if this breaks down, 63; hon bað hann þá drepa einhvern manna hans, heldr en allt (acc.) bæri undan, rather than that all should go amiss, Eg. 258: absol., þyki mér illa, ef undan berr, if I miss it, Nj. 155; viljum vér ekki at undan beri at…, we will by no means miss it…, Fms. viii. 309, v. 1. The passage Bs. i. 416 (en fjárhlutr sá er átt hafði Ari, bar undan Guðmundi) is hardly correct, fjárhlut þann would run better, cp. bera undir, as a law term, below.
    II. adding prepp.; b. við, at, til, at hendi, at móti, til handa …, to befall, happen, Lat. accidere, occurrere, with dat. of the person, (v. atburðr, viðburðr, tilburðr); engi hlut skyldi þann at b., no such thing should happen as…, Fms. xi. 76; svá bar at einn vetr, it befell, x. 201; þat hefir nú víst at hendi borit, er…, Nj. 174; þó þetta vandræði (acc.) hafi nú borit oss (dat.) at hendi, Eg. 7; b. til handa, id., Sks. 327; bar honum svá til, so it befell him, Fms. xi. 425; at honum bæri engan váðaligan hlut til á veginum, that nothing dangerous should befall him on the way, Stj. 212; bæri þat þá svá við, at hann ryfi, it then perchance might happen, that …, 102; þat bar við at Högni kom, 169, 172, 82; raun (acc.) berr á, it is proved by the fact, event, Fms. ix. 474, x. 185.
    2. temp., e-t berr á, it happens to fall on …; ef þing (acc.) ber á hina helgu viku, if the parliament falls on the holy week (Whitsun), Grág. i. 106; ef Crucis messu (acc.) berr á Drottins dag, Rb. 44; berr hana (viz. Petrs messu, June 29) aldrei svá optarr á öldinni, 78; þat er nú berr oss næst, what has occurred of late, Sturl. iii. 182: b. í móti, to happen exactly at a time; þetta (acc.) bar í móti at þenna sama dag andaðist Brandr biskup, Bs. i. 468; b. saman, id.; bar þat saman, at pá var Gunnarr at segja brennusöguna, just when G. was about telling the story, Nj. 269.
    3. metaph. of agreement or separation; en þat (acc.) þykir mjök saman b. ok þessi frásögn, Fms. x. 276: with dat., bar öllum sögum vel saman, all the records agreed well together, Nj. 100, v. l.; berr nú enn í sundr með þeim, Bjarna ok Þorkatli at sinni, B. and Th. missed each other, Vápn. 25.
    4. denoting cause; e-t (acc.) berr til …, causes a thing; ætluðu þat þá allir, at þat mundi til bera, that that was the reason, Nj. 75; at þat beri til skilnaðar okkars, that this will make us to part (divorce), 261; konungr spurði, hvat til bæri úgleði hans, what was the cause of his grief? Fms. vi. 355; þat berr til tunglhlaups, Rb. 32.
    β. meiri ván at brátt beri þat (acc.) til bóta, at herviliga steypi hans ríki, i. e. there will soon come help (revenge), Fms. x. 264; fjórir eru þeir hlutir er menn (acc.) berr í ætt á landi hér, there are four cases under which people may be adopted, Grág. i. 361.
    γ. e-t berr undir e-n, falls to a person’s lot; hon á arf at taka þegar er undir hana berr, in her turn, 179; mikla erfð (acc.) bar undir hana, Mar. (Fr.); berr yfir, of surpassing, Bs. ii. 121, 158; b. frá, id. (fráburðr); herðimikill svá at þat (acc.) bar frá því sem aðrir menn, Eg. 305; er sagt, at þat bæri frá hve vel þeir mæltu, it was extraordinary how well they did speak, Jb. 11; bar þat mest frá hversu illa hann var limaðr, but above all, how…, Ó. H. 74.
    5. with adverbial nouns in a dat. form; e-t berr bráðum, happens of a sudden; berr þetta (acc.) nú allbráðum, Fms. xi. 139; cp. vera bráðum borinn, to be taken by surprise (above); berr stórum, stærrum, it matters a great deal; ætla ek stærrum b. hin lagabrotin (acc.), they are much more important, matter more, vii. 305; var þat góðr kostr, svá at stórum bar, xi. 50; hefir oss orðit svá mikil vanhyggja, at stóru berr, an enormous blunder, Gísl. 51; svá langa leið, at stóru bar, Fas. i. 116; þat berr stórum, hversu mér þóknast vel þeirra athæfi, it amounts to a great deal, my liking their service, i. e. I do greatly like, Fms. ii. 37; eigi berr þat allsmám hversu vel mér líkar, in no small degree do I like, x. 296.
    β. with dat., it is fitting, becoming; svá mikit sem landeiganda (dat.) berr til at hafa eptir lögum, what he is legally entitled to, Dipl. iii. 10; berr til handa, it falls to one’s lot, v. above, Grág. i. 93.
    III. answering to Lat. oportet, absolutely or with an adverb, vel, illa, with infinit.; e-m berr, it beseems, becomes one; berr þat ekki né stendr þvílíkum höfuðfeðr, at falsa, Stj. 132; berr yðr (dat.) vel, herra, at sjá sannindi á þessu máli, Fms. ix. 326; sagði, at þat bar eigi Kristnum mönnum, at særa Guð, x. 22; þá siðu at mér beri vel, Sks. 353 B: used absol., berr vel, illa, it is beseeming, proper, fit, unbeseeming, unfit, improper; athæfi þat er vel beri fyrir konungs augliti, 282; þat þykir ok eigi illa bera, at maðr hafi svart skinn til hosna, i. e. it suits pretty well, 301: in case of a pers. pron. in acc. or dat. being added, the sentence becomes personal in order to avoid doubling the impers. sentence, e. g. e-m berr skylda (not skyldu) til, one is bound by duty; veit ek eigi hver skylda (nom.) yðr (acc.) ber til þess at láta jarl einn ráða, Fms. i. 52: also leaving the dat. out, skylda berr til at vera forsjámaðr með honum, vii. 280; eigi berr hér til úviska mín, it is not that I am not knowing, Nj. 135.
    IV. when the reflex. inflexion is added to the verb, the noun loses its impers. character and is turned from acc. into nom., e. g. þar (þat?) mun hugrinn minn mest hafa fyrir borizt, this is what I suspected, fancied, Lv. 34; cp. hugarburðr, fancy, and e-t berr fyrir e-n (above, C. I. 2); hefir þetta (nom.) vel í móti borizt, a happy coincidence, Nj. 104; ef svá harðliga kann til at berask, if the misfortunes do happen, Gþl. 55; barsk sú úhamingja (nom.) til á Íslandi, that mischief happened (no doubt the passage is thus to be emended), Bs. i. 78, but bar þá úhamingju …; þat (nom.) barsk at, happened, Fms. x. 253; fundir várir (nom.) hafa at borizt nokkurum sinnum, vii. 256; þat barsk at á einhverju sumri, Eg. 154; bærist at um síðir at allr þingheimrinn berðist, 765, cp. berast við, berask fyrir above (B. V.): berast, absol., means to be shaken, knocked about; var þess ván, at fylkingar mundu berast í hergöngunni, that they would be brought into some confusion, Fms. v. 74; Hrólfr gékk at ramliga, ok barst Atli (was shaken, gave away) fyrir orku sakir, þar til er hann féll. Fas. iii. 253; barst Jökull allr fyrir orku sakir (of two wrestling), Ísl. ii. 467, Fms. iii. 189: vide B. IV.
    D. In mod. usage the strong bera—bar is also used in impersonal phrases, denoting to let a thing be seen, shew, but almost always with a negative preceding, e. g. ekki bar (ber) á því, it could ( can) not be seen; að á engu bæri, láta ekki á bera ( to keep tight), etc. All these phrases are no doubt alterations from the weak verb bera, að, nudare, and never occur in old writers; we have not met with any instance previous to the Reformation; the use is certainly of late date, and affords a rare instance of weak verbs turning into strong; the reverse is more freq. the case.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > BERA

  • 8 buono

    "good;
    Gut;
    bom"
    * * *
    1. adj good
    ( valido) good, valid
    momento, occasione right
    alla buona informal, casual
    buona fortuna good luck
    di buon grado willingly
    avere buon naso have a good sense of smell
    buono a nulla good-for-nothing
    2. m good
    finance bond
    ( tagliando) coupon, voucher
    buono del tesoro Treasury bond
    buono pasto o mensa luncheon voucher
    buono regalo gift voucher
    buono sconto money-off coupon
    * * *
    buono1 agg.
    1 ( chi ha, rivela bontà d'animo) good; ( bonario, gentile) good, kind: è un uomo molto buono, he's a very good man; essere d'animo buono, to be kind-hearted (o good-hearted); è sempre stato buono con me, he has always been kind to me; gli disse una parola buona, he said a kind word to him; mi accolse con buone parole, he greeted me with sympathetic words; una persona di buon cuore, a good-hearted person; buoni pensieri, kind thoughts; buoni sentimenti, good sentiments // troppo buono! too kind! // buono come il pane, as good as gold
    2 ( onesto, rispettabile) good, honest, virtuous, upright: un buon cittadino, an honest citizen; di buona famiglia, of good family (o with a good background) // buona società, high society
    3 ( calmo, tranquillo) good; ( di tempo) fine, good: sono stati buoni i bambini?, have the children been good (o have the children behaved)?; sii buono!, be a good boy!; il tempo è sempre stato buono, the weather has always been fine (o good); presto arriverà la buona stagione, summer will soon be here
    4 ( pregevole, di qualità) good; fine; first-rate (attr.): è un tessuto di buona qualità, it's good quality material; ha fatto un buon lavoro, he made a good (o fine) job of it; un prodotto di buona marca, a quality brand product; è un buon vino ma ce ne sono di migliori, it's a good wine but there are better; è un buon Sironi, it's a fine Sironi; in quell'albergo il vitto è molto buono, the food is very good (o excellent) in that hotel // l'abito, il vestito buono, one's best suit // il salotto buono, the best living room
    5 ( gradevole, piacevole) good; nice; lovely: che buon profumo hanno questi fiori!, what a nice (o lovely) scent these flowers have!; è stata una buona giornata, it's been a good day; dopo un buon pasto ci si sente meglio, after a good meal you feel better; come è buona questa torta, questa minestra!, this cake, this soup is really delicious (o lovely)
    6 ( abile, capace) good, fine: un buon meccanico, medico, a good mechanic, doctor; è sempre stata una buona madre, she's always been a good mother // non sei buono a nulla, you're no good at anything // non è buono di fare niente, (region.) he can't do anything; non sono buono di dirgli di no, (region.) I just can't say no
    7 ( efficace, efficiente) good, effective; ( adatto) right, proper; fit: è un buon rimedio per la tosse, it's a good (o effective) remedy for a cough; per la sua età ha ancora la vista buona, considering his age his sight is still good; per tagliarlo mi ci vuole un buon coltello, I need a sharp knife to cut it with; è stata una buona idea, it was a good idea; buono da mangiare, fit to eat; è proprio la vettura buona per andare nel deserto, (fam.) it's the right (o proper) car to use in a desert // buono da buttar via, (fam.) ready to throw out
    8 ( abbondante) abundant; ( grande) large; ( lungo) long: una buona dose, a good strong dose; un buon pezzo di pane, a big piece of bread; ci vorrà un'ora buona, it will take a full hour; lo aspettai un'ora buona, I waited for him more than an hour; dobbiamo ancora percorrere un tre chilometri buoni, we've still got a good three kilometres to go
    9 ( propizio, vantaggioso) good, profitable, advantageous: un buon investimento, a good (o advantageous) investment; una buona occasione, a favourable opportunity; una buona stella, a lucky star // buono affare, snip (o bargain) // a buon prezzo, cheaply (avv.); cheap, inexpensive (agg.)
    10 ( in formule di cortesia) good, happy; nice: buona fortuna!, good luck!; buona notte!, good night!; buon viaggio!, have a pleasant journey!; buona giornata!, have a nice day!
    ◆ FRASEOLOGIA: buon pro vi faccia!, much good may it do you! // alla buona, informal: una persona alla buona, an easy-going person; una riunione alla buona, a get-together; era vestito molto alla buona, he was dressed very plainly; fare alla buona, to do things simply // a buon diritto, rightly // con le buone, with kindness; con le buone ( si ottiene tutto)!; with a gentle touch (you get everything) // di buon grado, with pleasure // di buon'ora, early (in the morning) // di buon passo, briskly // di buona voglia, willingly // Dio ce la mandi buona!, God help us! // darsi al buon tempo, to have a good time // essere di buona bocca, to eat everything and anything; (fig.) to be easily pleased // essere in buona, to be in a good mood; (essere in buoni rapporti con qlcu.) to be on good terms (with s.o.) // essere, parlare in buona fede, to be, to speak in good faith // far buon viso a cattivo gioco, to put a good face on it // guardare qlcu. di buon occhio, to look kindly on s.o. // menar buono, to bring good luck // tornare in buona con qlcu., to make it up with s.o. // prendere per buona una scusa, to accept an excuse //lascialo in pace una buona volta!, leave him alone for once! // un uomo tre volte buono, a simpleton ∙ Dato il molteplice numero di espressioni fraseologiche in cui l'agg. 'buono' compare con diverse sfumature di significato, si consiglia di consultare i rispettivi sostantivi cui questo agg. si accompagna: p.e. meritare una buona lezione → lezione; un uomo di buoni principi → principio.
    buono1 s.m.
    1 (fil.) (the) Good; ( cosa buona) good thing: nel suo saggio si indaga sul vero, il bello e il buono, in his essay he investigates Truth, Beauty and Good; c'è del buono nella sua poesia, there is something in his poetry (o his poetry has got something); ha di buono che non perde mai la pazienza, one good thing about him is that he never loses his patience // buon per te!, luckily for you! // portare buono, to bring good luck (o fortune) // ci volle del bello e del buono per convincerlo!, it took a lot to convince him! (o he took a lot of convincing) // è un poco di buono, he is a nasty customer (o a nasty piece of work) // un buono a nulla, a good-for-nothing // il tempo si mette albuono, the weather is clearing up saper di buono, to smell fine (o to have a nice smell)
    2 ( persona) good person: i buoni, good people; i buoni e i cattivi, the good and the wicked; mio padre alza la voce, ma in fondo è un buono, my father does tend to shout but really he's a good-hearted (o good-natured) person // fare il buono, to be good (o to behave oneself): fa il buono!, keep quiet (o behave yourself)!
    buono2 s.m.
    1 ( tagliando) coupon, voucher, token: buono acquisto, regalo, ( pubblicitario) token; un buono per l'acquisto di libri, a book token; buono d'acquisto, ( dato come regalo) gift token (o gift voucher); buono premio, free-gift coupon; buono benzina, petrol coupon; buono sconto, discount voucher; buono mensa, luncheon voucher; buono pasto, luncheon voucher, meal ticket; buono viveri governativo, food stamp // (comm.): buono di cassa, cash voucher; buono frazionario, script; buono di consegna, delivery order; buono di carico ( di magazzino), warehouse bond; buono d'imbarco, shipping order; buono di pagamento, voucher; buono di prelievo per l'esportazione, customs warrant; buono di opzione, subscription warrant
    2 ( titolo di credito) bill; bond: buono ( ordinario) del Tesoro, Treasury bill (o bond), T bill, (antiq.) Exchequer bill (o bill of Exchequer); buono del tesoro di nuova emissione, hot Treasury bill; buono del tesoro poliennale, long-term Treasury bond, (amer.) long-term Treasury note.
    * * *
    ['bwɔno] I buono (-a)
    1. agg, migliore comp ottimo superl davanti sm: buon + consonante, vocale, buono + s impura, gn, pn, ps, x, z; davanti sf: buona + consonante, buon' + vocale
    1) (gen) good, (prodotto) good (quality), (odore, ambiente, atmosfera) good, nice, pleasant, (posizione, ditta, impresa) sound

    più buono — better

    stai buono! — behave!

    tenere buono qn — (bambino) to keep sb quiet, (fig : persona influente) to keep sb sweet

    2) (generoso: persona, azione) good, kind, kindly
    3)

    (abile, idoneo) essere buono a nulla — to be no good o use at anything $, sm/f

    quest'acqua non è buona da bersi — this water isn't safe to drink

    buono da buttar via — fit for the dustbin

    mi sembra buono per questo lavoro — he seems suitable for the job

    4)

    (utile, vantaggioso) a buon mercato — cheap

    5) (giusto, valido) correct, right, (motivo) valid

    al momento buono — at the right moment

    6) (utilizzabile) usable, (biglietto, passaporto) valid

    non è più buono — (latte) it's off, (pane) it's stale

    peserà dieci chili buoni — it must weigh a good ten kilos

    ci vuole un mesetto buono — it takes a good month o a month at least

    un buon numero — a good o large number

    deciditi una buona volta! — make up your mind once and for all!

    8)

    (auguri) buon appetito! — enjoy your meal!

    buon compleanno! — happy birthday!

    tante buone cose! — all the best!

    buon divertimento! — have a nice time!

    buona fortuna! — good luck!

    buon giorno! — (in mattinata) good morning!, (di pomeriggio) good afternoon!

    buon Natale! — happy Christmas!

    buona notte! — good night!

    buona permanenza! — enjoy your stay!

    buon riposo! — sleep well!

    buona sera! — good evening!

    buon viaggio! — have a good trip!

    9)

    (fraseologia) fare qc alla buona — to do sth simply o in a simple way

    stasera mi vesto alla buona — I'm not getting dressed up this evening

    è un tipo alla buona — he's an easy-going sort

    accetterà con le buone o con le cattive — he'll have to agree whether he wants to or not

    che Dio ce la mandi buona! — here's hoping!

    con le buone maniere — in a kind o friendly way

    mettere una buona parola per qn — to put in a good word for sb

    siamo a buon punto con il pranzo — dinner's nearly ready

    questa sì che è buona! — that's a good one!

    mi dica, buon uomo — tell me, my good man

    fare buon viso a cattivo gioco — to put a brave face on things

    2. sm/f
    (persona) good o upright person

    i buoni e i cattivi — (in film) the goodies and the baddies

    3. sm solo sg
    (bontà) goodness, good

    di buono c'è che... — the good thing about it is that...

    essere un poco di buono — to be a nasty piece of work

    è una poco di buono — she's a slut

    II ['bwɔno] sm
    1) Comm coupon, voucher
    2) Fin bill, bond
    * * *
    I 1. ['bwɔno]
    aggettivo ( buon, buona, buon'; buono becomes buon before a vowel or a consonant followed by a vowel, l or r; compar. più buono, migliore, superl. buonissimo, ottimo)
    1) (gradevole) [ pasto] good, nice

    avere un buon sapore, odore — to taste, smell good

    2) (gentile) [persona, azione, parola] good, kind

    opere -e — good works o deeds

    4) (di buona qualità) [consiglio, lavoro, salute] good; [hotel, merce, tempo] good, fine

    in buono stato — [casa, auto] in good condition o state; [ edificio] in safe condition, in good order

    il vestito buono — (elegante) Sunday's dress

    5) (giusto) [ momento] good, right
    6) colloq. (commestibile, bevibile) [ cibo] good

    buono da bere — fit to drink, drinkable

    buono da mangiare — fit to eat, eatable

    7) (bravo) [medico, padre, allievo, marito] good
    8) (valido) [rimedio, metodo, esempio, motivo] good

    buono per o contro la tosse good for coughs; -a idea! good thinking o idea! fare un buon uso di qcs. to put sth. to good use; ogni scusa è -a per lui any excuse is good for him; la palla è, non è -a the ball is in, out of play; l'abbonamento è buono per altri due mesi — the season ticket is good for two more months

    9) (vantaggioso) [prezzo, affare] good

    buono a sapersi — that's handy to know o worth remembering

    10) (favorevole) [segno, impressione, opportunità] good

    avere una -a opinione di — to think kindly o much of, to have a high opinion of

    11) (rispettabile) [famiglia, matrimonio] good, decent; [ reputazione] good
    12) (tranquillo) [bambino, animale] good, quiet
    13) (abbondante) good

    un buon numero di... — a fair number of, quite a few...

    un'ora -a — a full hour, at least an hour

    14) (in frasi di augurio) [fortuna, notte, sera] good; [compleanno, Pasqua] happy; [ Natale] merry
    15) una buona volta once and for all
    16) alla buona [ persona] informal, simple; [pasto, hotel] homely
    2.
    sostantivo maschile (f. -a)
    1) (persona buona) good person

    i -i e i cattivi — the good and the bad; (nei film) the good guys and the villains

    2) (cosa buona, lato buono)

    non promette nulla di buono — it looks bad, it doesn't look good

    •

    buono a nulla — good-for-nothing, fit for nothing

    ••

    prendere qcn. con le -e — to deal gently with sb.

    con le -e o con le cattive — by hook or by crook, by fair means or foul

    tenersi buono qcn. — to keep sb. sweet, to sweeten sb. up, to sweeten up sb.

    buon per lui — good for him, that's all very well for him

    II ['bwɔno]
    sostantivo maschile
    1) comm. token, voucher, coupon
    2) econ. bond
    •

    buono omaggio — gift token o voucher

    * * *
    buono1
    /'bwɔno/
     ( buon, buona, buon'; buono becomes buon before a vowel or a consonant followed by a vowel, l or r; compar. più buono, migliore, superl. buonissimo, ottimo)
     1 (gradevole) [ pasto] good, nice; avere un buon sapore, odore to taste, smell good
     2 (gentile) [persona, azione, parola] good, kind; opere -e good works o deeds
     3 (caro) un suo buon amico a good friend of his
     4 (di buona qualità) [consiglio, lavoro, salute] good; [hotel, merce, tempo] good, fine; in buono stato [casa, auto] in good condition o state; [ edificio] in safe condition, in good order; il vestito buono (elegante) Sunday's dress
     5 (giusto) [ momento] good, right
     6 colloq. (commestibile, bevibile) [ cibo] good; il latte non è più buono the milk has gone off; buono da bere fit to drink, drinkable; buono da mangiare fit to eat, eatable
     7 (bravo) [medico, padre, allievo, marito] good
     8 (valido) [rimedio, metodo, esempio, motivo] good; buono per o contro la tosse good for coughs; -a idea! good thinking o idea! fare un buon uso di qcs. to put sth. to good use; ogni scusa è -a per lui any excuse is good for him; la palla è, non è -a the ball is in, out of play; l'abbonamento è buono per altri due mesi the season ticket is good for two more months
     9 (vantaggioso) [prezzo, affare] good; sarebbe una -a cosa it would be a good thing; buono a sapersi that's handy to know o worth remembering
     10 (favorevole) [segno, impressione, opportunità] good; avere una -a opinione di to think kindly o much of, to have a high opinion of
     11 (rispettabile) [famiglia, matrimonio] good, decent; [ reputazione] good; di -a famiglia well-bred
     12 (tranquillo) [bambino, animale] good, quiet; stai buono (be) quiet; buono! buono! (per calmare un bambino) there there! buono! (a un animale) easy!
     13 (abbondante) good; un buon numero di... a fair number of, quite a few...; ci ho messo due ore -e it took me a good two hours; un'ora -a a full hour, at least an hour; - a parte del loro lavoro much of their work
     14 (in frasi di augurio) [fortuna, notte, sera] good; [compleanno, Pasqua] happy; [ Natale] merry; -a serata! have a nice evening! -a permanenza! enjoy your stay! buon appetito! enjoy your meal! buon divertimento! have fun! enjoy yourself! buon viaggio! (have a) safe journey!
     15 una buona volta once and for all; posso parlare anch'io una -a volta? can I speak for a change?
     16 alla buona [ persona] informal, simple; [pasto, hotel] homely; vestirsi alla -a to dress down o casually
     17 buono a (capace) sei buono solo a criticare all you can do is criticize
     (f. -a)
     1 (persona buona) good person; i -i e i cattivi the good and the bad; (nei film) the good guys and the villains
     2 (cosa buona, lato buono) c'è del buono in questo articolo there's some good stuff in this article; non ne uscirà niente di buono no good can o will come of it; non promette nulla di buono it looks bad, it doesn't look good; cucinare qualcosa di buono to cook something good; ha di buono che the good thing about it is
    prendere qcn. con le -e to deal gently with sb.; con le -e o con le cattive by hook or by crook, by fair means or foul; tenersi buono qcn. to keep sb. sweet, to sweeten sb. up, to sweeten up sb.; che Dio ce la mandi -a! may God help us! buon per lui good for him, that's all very well for him; questa è (proprio) -a! that's a (very) good one!
    \
    buon selvaggio noble savage; buono a nulla good-for-nothing, fit for nothing; - a stella lucky star; - a volontà goodwill.
    ————————
    buono2
    /'bwɔno/
    sostantivo m.
     1 comm. token, voucher, coupon
     2 econ. bond
    buono (di) benzina petrol coupon; buono di cassa cash voucher; buono omaggio gift token o voucher; buono pasto meal ticket; buono sconto discount voucher o coupon; buono del Tesoro Treasury bill o bond.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > buono

  • 9 completo

    adj.
    1 complete, entire, integral, uncut.
    2 complete, total, exhaustive, out-and-out.
    3 complete, full-length, all-inclusive, all-round.
    4 complete, concluded, done, finished.
    5 square, hearty.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: completar.
    * * *
    1 (terminado) finished, completed
    2 (lleno) full
    \
    al completo full up, filled to capacity
    por completo completely
    * * *
    (f. - completa)
    adj.
    2) full
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=entero) [dieta] balanced; [colección] complete; [texto, informe] full, complete; [felicidad] complete, total; [panorama] full
    jornada 1), obra 2), b), pensión 3)
    2) (=lleno) full; [hotel] full, fully booked

    completo — [en pensión, hostal] no vacancies; [en taquilla] sold out

    al completo: el tren está al completo — the train is full

    3) (=total) [éxito, fracaso] complete, total

    por completo — [desaparecer, desconocer] completely

    su partido apoyaba por completo la iniciativa — his party fully supported the initiative, his party gave its full support to the initiative

    4) (=terminado)
    5) (=bien hecho)

    este libro es pequeño, pero bastante completo — this book is small, but quite comprehensive

    6) (=polifacético) [actor, deportista] all-round
    2.
    SM Chile hot dog ( with salad)
    * * *
    I
    - ta adjetivo
    1)
    a) ( entero) complete
    b) (total, absoluto) complete, total
    c) ( exhaustivo) < explicación> detailed; <obra/diccionario> comprehensive; <tesis/ensayo> thorough
    d) <deportista/actor> complete, very versatile
    2) ( lleno) full

    completo — ( en hostal) no vacancies; ( en taquilla) sold out

    II
    masculino (Chi) hot dog (with all the trimmings)
    * * *
    = complete, comprehensive, entire, exhaustive, full [fuller -comp., fullest -sup.], full-blown, full-bodied, full-featured, full-fledged, full-length, full-scale, full-service, thorough, total, well-rounded, end to end, supine, enriched, all-round, whole, utter, all-inclusive, fully formed, fully featured, the works!, unmitigaged, fully blown.
    Ex. The main entry is the complete catalogue record of the document.
    Ex. One of the factors to consider in the selection of a data base is whether the data base is comprehensive or not.
    Ex. Plainly such representative sections may not be present in many documents, but sometimes an extract from the results, conclusions or recommendations of a document may serve to identify the key issues covered by the entire document.
    Ex. The enumeration of isolates should be exhaustive or complete for the subject area.
    Ex. Since recall goes up as precision goes down, it is clearly not possible to achieve in general a system which gives full recall at the same time as full precision.
    Ex. Reference transactions can range from the ready-reference, or short-answer question, to the full-blown research inquiry to establish methodology.
    Ex. By adulthood the child's literary consciousness has grown into a full-bodied appreciation of the work of the great imaginative writers.
    Ex. The EPIC service is a full-featured on-line reference system that provides subject access, and keyword and Boolean searching to a variety of databases.
    Ex. Once the functional and informal network seeks to widen its influence, it becomes a full-fledged institution.
    Ex. Plays and music performances put on by staff and children require less arduous preparation than a full-length public performance.
    Ex. Obviously, staff will have to be instructed in the use of the new system, be it word processing or a full-scale circulation system.
    Ex. In other words, they want us to start from scratch and come up with a plan for a full-service center, which might then be used as a model for the other regional centers.
    Ex. Timely and thorough planning is essential.
    Ex. This situation requires a very skilled information worker if total disaster is to be avoided.
    Ex. This has produced the matriarchal system in society on the one hand, and well-rounded libraries organized under the slogan 'Libraries are for wallowing in' on the other.
    Ex. Next morning the heap, now damp right through, was set up on one end of the horse (later called the bank), a bench long enough to take two piles of paper end to end, and about as high as the coffin of the press.
    Ex. 'I was saying that we shouldn't have a supine acceptance for temporary limitations'.
    Ex. Union Catalogues may also decide that they need more enriched records because of specific needs.
    Ex. The finest and most influential of these French italics were the work of Robert Granjon, an artist of the stature of his countryman and near-contemporary Garamont and one of the greatest all-round type designers of any period.
    Ex. One of them will take instructions and data from a whole roomful of girls armed with simple keyboard punches.
    Ex. There is little to be said for this grudging acceptance or utter rejection of pseudonyms.
    Ex. It is not an all-inclusive listing of materials on this topic.
    Ex. The film's supple structure, surprisingly light touch, and bravura performances make it perhaps the most fully formed, half-hearted goof ever.
    Ex. The technology has matured sufficiently that it's now cheap and relatively easy to set up a fully featured repository in quite a short time.
    Ex. Whole cities laid to waste, heroes falling in battle, death of gods, the works!.
    Ex. Only Bush could take a horrible situation and create an unmitigated disaster.
    Ex. This time it's a hairline fracture rather than a fully blown break of a metatarsal, however the result is the same.
    ----
    * alojamiento en régimen de pensión completa = full-board accommodation.
    * a tiempo completo = full-time.
    * base de datos completa = full-provision database.
    * base de datos de texto completo = full text database.
    * catalogación completa = full cataloguing.
    * catálogo de obras completas = back catalogue.
    * curso a tiempo completo = full-time course.
    * de forma completa = in full.
    * de página completa = full-page.
    * de pantalla completa = full-screen.
    * detenerse por completo = come to + a standstill, be at a standstill.
    * dominar por completo = sweep + the board.
    * edición completa = full edition.
    * el + Nombre + más completo = the + Nombre + to end all + Nombre.
    * estar al completo = overbook.
    * fuego + destruir por completo = fire + gut.
    * información de texto completo = full-text information.
    * letra cuya impresión en papel no está completa = broken letter.
    * nombre completo = full name.
    * obras completas = collected works.
    * pagar por completo = pay off.
    * pantalla de información completa = full information display, full information screen.
    * pararse por completo = come to + a standstill, be at a standstill.
    * pensión completa = food and board, bed and board, full board, full-board accommodation.
    * por completo = fully.
    * ser completo = be all inclusive.
    * texto completo = full text.
    * * *
    I
    - ta adjetivo
    1)
    a) ( entero) complete
    b) (total, absoluto) complete, total
    c) ( exhaustivo) < explicación> detailed; <obra/diccionario> comprehensive; <tesis/ensayo> thorough
    d) <deportista/actor> complete, very versatile
    2) ( lleno) full

    completo — ( en hostal) no vacancies; ( en taquilla) sold out

    II
    masculino (Chi) hot dog (with all the trimmings)
    * * *
    = complete, comprehensive, entire, exhaustive, full [fuller -comp., fullest -sup.], full-blown, full-bodied, full-featured, full-fledged, full-length, full-scale, full-service, thorough, total, well-rounded, end to end, supine, enriched, all-round, whole, utter, all-inclusive, fully formed, fully featured, the works!, unmitigaged, fully blown.

    Ex: The main entry is the complete catalogue record of the document.

    Ex: One of the factors to consider in the selection of a data base is whether the data base is comprehensive or not.
    Ex: Plainly such representative sections may not be present in many documents, but sometimes an extract from the results, conclusions or recommendations of a document may serve to identify the key issues covered by the entire document.
    Ex: The enumeration of isolates should be exhaustive or complete for the subject area.
    Ex: Since recall goes up as precision goes down, it is clearly not possible to achieve in general a system which gives full recall at the same time as full precision.
    Ex: Reference transactions can range from the ready-reference, or short-answer question, to the full-blown research inquiry to establish methodology.
    Ex: By adulthood the child's literary consciousness has grown into a full-bodied appreciation of the work of the great imaginative writers.
    Ex: The EPIC service is a full-featured on-line reference system that provides subject access, and keyword and Boolean searching to a variety of databases.
    Ex: Once the functional and informal network seeks to widen its influence, it becomes a full-fledged institution.
    Ex: Plays and music performances put on by staff and children require less arduous preparation than a full-length public performance.
    Ex: Obviously, staff will have to be instructed in the use of the new system, be it word processing or a full-scale circulation system.
    Ex: In other words, they want us to start from scratch and come up with a plan for a full-service center, which might then be used as a model for the other regional centers.
    Ex: Timely and thorough planning is essential.
    Ex: This situation requires a very skilled information worker if total disaster is to be avoided.
    Ex: This has produced the matriarchal system in society on the one hand, and well-rounded libraries organized under the slogan 'Libraries are for wallowing in' on the other.
    Ex: Next morning the heap, now damp right through, was set up on one end of the horse (later called the bank), a bench long enough to take two piles of paper end to end, and about as high as the coffin of the press.
    Ex: 'I was saying that we shouldn't have a supine acceptance for temporary limitations'.
    Ex: Union Catalogues may also decide that they need more enriched records because of specific needs.
    Ex: The finest and most influential of these French italics were the work of Robert Granjon, an artist of the stature of his countryman and near-contemporary Garamont and one of the greatest all-round type designers of any period.
    Ex: One of them will take instructions and data from a whole roomful of girls armed with simple keyboard punches.
    Ex: There is little to be said for this grudging acceptance or utter rejection of pseudonyms.
    Ex: It is not an all-inclusive listing of materials on this topic.
    Ex: The film's supple structure, surprisingly light touch, and bravura performances make it perhaps the most fully formed, half-hearted goof ever.
    Ex: The technology has matured sufficiently that it's now cheap and relatively easy to set up a fully featured repository in quite a short time.
    Ex: Whole cities laid to waste, heroes falling in battle, death of gods, the works!.
    Ex: Only Bush could take a horrible situation and create an unmitigated disaster.
    Ex: This time it's a hairline fracture rather than a fully blown break of a metatarsal, however the result is the same.
    * alojamiento en régimen de pensión completa = full-board accommodation.
    * a tiempo completo = full-time.
    * base de datos completa = full-provision database.
    * base de datos de texto completo = full text database.
    * catalogación completa = full cataloguing.
    * catálogo de obras completas = back catalogue.
    * curso a tiempo completo = full-time course.
    * de forma completa = in full.
    * de página completa = full-page.
    * de pantalla completa = full-screen.
    * detenerse por completo = come to + a standstill, be at a standstill.
    * dominar por completo = sweep + the board.
    * edición completa = full edition.
    * el + Nombre + más completo = the + Nombre + to end all + Nombre.
    * estar al completo = overbook.
    * fuego + destruir por completo = fire + gut.
    * información de texto completo = full-text information.
    * letra cuya impresión en papel no está completa = broken letter.
    * nombre completo = full name.
    * obras completas = collected works.
    * pagar por completo = pay off.
    * pantalla de información completa = full information display, full information screen.
    * pararse por completo = come to + a standstill, be at a standstill.
    * pensión completa = food and board, bed and board, full board, full-board accommodation.
    * por completo = fully.
    * ser completo = be all inclusive.
    * texto completo = full text.

    * * *
    completo1 -ta
    A
    esta baraja no está completa this deck isn't complete, there's a card/there are some cards missing from this deck
    las obras completas de Neruda the complete works of Neruda
    la serie completa the whole series
    la gama más completa the fullest o most complete range
    2 (total, absoluto) complete, total
    no hay felicidad completa there's no such thing as complete happiness
    por completo completely
    lo olvidé por completo I completely forgot about it, I forgot all about it
    3
    (exhaustivo): una explicación muy completa a very full o detailed explanation
    uno de los diccionarios más completos one of the most comprehensive dictionaries
    un trabajo muy completo a very thorough piece of work
    4 ‹deportista/actor› complete, very versatile
    B (lleno) full
    el tren iba completo the train was full
    el hotel está completo the hotel is full o fully booked
    [ S ] completo (en un hostal) no vacancies; (en una taquilla) sold out
    ( Chi)
    * * *

     

    Del verbo completar: ( conjugate completar)

    completo es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    completó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    completar    
    completo
    completar ( conjugate completar) verbo transitivo

    b) (AmL) ‹cuestionario/impreso› to complete, fill out o in

    completo
    ◊ -ta adjetivo

    1


    b) (total, absoluto) complete, total;



    ‹obra/diccionario› comprehensive;
    ‹tesis/ensayo› thorough
    d) ‹deportista/actor› complete, very versatile

    2 ( lleno) ‹vagón/hotel› full;
    ( on signs) completo ( en hostal) no vacancies;
    ( en taquilla) sold out
    completar verbo transitivo to complete
    completo,-a adjetivo
    1 (entero, total) complete
    2 (lleno) full
    3 (versátil) versatile, complete
    4 (exhaustivo) comprehensive
    ♦ Locuciones: al completo, full up o to capacity
    por completo, completely
    ' completo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    absoluta
    - absoluto
    - acabada
    - acabado
    - calcinar
    - completa
    - entera
    - entero
    - íntegra
    - íntegro
    - parcial
    - plena
    - pleno
    - radical
    - tiempo
    - toda
    - todo
    - alimento
    - integral
    - trabajar
    - trabajo
    English:
    book up
    - clam up
    - clean
    - collected
    - complete
    - completely
    - dedication
    - entirely
    - envelop
    - forge
    - full
    - full-time
    - groundwork
    - outright
    - slip
    - stranglehold
    - strength
    - utter
    - all
    - book
    - capacity
    - comprehensive
    - reversal
    - strict
    - uncut
    * * *
    completo, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [entero] complete;
    nombre completo full name;
    las obras completas de un autor the complete works of an author;
    vino toda la familia al completo the entire family came
    2. [lleno] full;
    [en cartel] [hotel] no vacancies; [aparcamiento] full; [en taquilla] sold out
    el vagón está o [m5] va completo the Br carriage o US car is full;
    todos los hoteles de la ciudad están al completo all the hotels in town are full
    3. [perfecto] complete;
    un deportista muy completo an all-round athlete o Br sportsman;
    un espectáculo muy completo a very well-rounded production
    4. [rotundo] complete;
    un completo silencio complete o total silence;
    fue un completo éxito/fracaso it was a complete success/a complete o total failure;
    es un completo caballero he's an absolute o the complete gentleman;
    es un completo mentiroso he's a complete liar
    5. CSur [café, té, chocolate] = served with toast, butter, cakes and pastries
    ♦ nm
    Chile = hot dog with all the trimmings
    ♦ por completo loc adv
    completely;
    han desaparecido por completo they have completely disappeared;
    se dedica por completo a la música she devotes herself full-time to music
    * * *
    adj complete; autobús, teatro full;
    por completo completely;
    al completo whole, entire
    * * *
    completo, -ta adj
    1) : complete
    2) : perfect, absolute
    3) : full, detailed
    * * *
    1. (entero) complete
    2. (lleno) full

    Spanish-English dictionary > completo

  • 10 débil

    adj.
    1 weak, dim, faint, feeble.
    Toda esa situación pinta mal This whole situation looks bad.
    2 atonic.
    * * *
    1 (persona) weak, feeble
    2 (ruido) faint; (luz) dim, feeble
    1 weak person
    1 the weak
    \
    débil mental mentally retarded person, mentally deficient person
    * * *
    adj.
    1) weak
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [persona] [gen] weak; [extremadamente] feeble; [por mala salud o avanzada edad] frail

    se encuentra un poco débil de salud — his health is rather frail, he is in rather poor health

    2) [carácter] weak; [esfuerzo] feeble, half-hearted
    3) (=poco intenso) [voz, ruido] faint; [luz] dim
    2.
    SMF
    económicamente
    * * *
    a) < persona> ( físicamente) weak; ( falto de - firmeza) soft; (- voluntad) weak; <economía/ejército/gobierno> weak
    b) <sonido/voz> faint; < moneda> weak; < argumento> weak; < excusa> feeble, lame; < luz> dim, faint
    c) <sílaba/vocal> unstressed, weak
    * * *
    = powerless, flimsy [flimsier -comp., flimsiest -sup.], shaky [shakier -comp., shakiest -sup.], weak [weaker -comp., weakest -sup.], fragile, spineless, feeble, effete, faint, frail, feckless, thin [thinner -comp., thinnest -sup.], weakling, runt, nesh, weedy [weedier -comp., weediest -sup.], boneless.
    Ex. In a world divided by ideology, by trade barriers, by military threats and nuclear fears, we librarians are not powerless.
    Ex. Many paperbacks actually stand up to this usage better than the flimsy hardback covers now being produced.
    Ex. The subdivision 'Discovery and Exploration' under geographic names reinforces the popularly held notion that the world outside Western Europe had no history -- and only a shaky hold on existence -- before it was 'discovered' by Western Europeans.
    Ex. Problems arise from weak or outmoded structuring of subjects in the schedules of DC.
    Ex. The material which carries the message is fragile.
    Ex. To call a supervisor ' spineless' is to tag him as weak and therefore unfair to his really good employees.
    Ex. Mearns warns us, 'Recollection is treacherous; it is usually too broad or too narrow for another's use; and what is more serious, it is frequently undependable and worn and feeble'.
    Ex. Some teachers argue against book clubs, claiming that they bring together only a certain kind of avid reader, the literary equivalent of the religiously effete and over-pious.
    Ex. As more and more copies are produced, so the amount of dye on the master is reduced layer by layer until the image on the copy paper becomes quite faint.
    Ex. Previous research has demonstrated that frail elderly living in subsidized high-rise apartments have greater unmet needs than elderly who reside in traditional community housing.
    Ex. The author wrings sick humor from its feckless heroes' forlorn attempts to escape from a drug habit that they do not really enjoy any longer.
    Ex. Although it may be a bit thin in its use of standard academic sources of information, it is exceedingly strong on insider information and personal interviews.
    Ex. According to Safire, when a slice a cake was put before him Putin said 'Sweets are for weaklings and children'.
    Ex. Under the same regimens of treatment the number of runts produced varied from none to as much as 80 per cent of the litter.
    Ex. Usually, half of us would sleep on the ground outside and the other half would go for the nesh option of sleeping in a tent or hut.
    Ex. Shock as boofy blokes beat weedy intellectual in popularity contest.
    Ex. By running away he shows who he is -- a boneless coward who never engaged in direct confrontation with the enemy.
    ----
    * alto y débil = spindly [spindlier -comp., spindliest -sup.].
    * débil de salud = poor health.
    * débiles, los = little guy, the.
    * en el momento más débil de Alguien = at + Posesivo + weakest.
    * eslabón débil = weak link.
    * hacerse el débil = sandbagging.
    * luz débil = glimmer.
    * más débil de la camada, el = runt of the litter, the.
    * más débil del grupo, el = runt of the litter, the.
    * punto débil = blind spot, weak link.
    * punto débil, el = chink in the armour, the.
    * ser el contrincante más débil = punch above + Posesivo + weight.
    * ser el punto más débil de Alguien = be at + Posesivo + weakest.
    * * *
    a) < persona> ( físicamente) weak; ( falto de - firmeza) soft; (- voluntad) weak; <economía/ejército/gobierno> weak
    b) <sonido/voz> faint; < moneda> weak; < argumento> weak; < excusa> feeble, lame; < luz> dim, faint
    c) <sílaba/vocal> unstressed, weak
    * * *
    = powerless, flimsy [flimsier -comp., flimsiest -sup.], shaky [shakier -comp., shakiest -sup.], weak [weaker -comp., weakest -sup.], fragile, spineless, feeble, effete, faint, frail, feckless, thin [thinner -comp., thinnest -sup.], weakling, runt, nesh, weedy [weedier -comp., weediest -sup.], boneless.

    Ex: In a world divided by ideology, by trade barriers, by military threats and nuclear fears, we librarians are not powerless.

    Ex: Many paperbacks actually stand up to this usage better than the flimsy hardback covers now being produced.
    Ex: The subdivision 'Discovery and Exploration' under geographic names reinforces the popularly held notion that the world outside Western Europe had no history -- and only a shaky hold on existence -- before it was 'discovered' by Western Europeans.
    Ex: Problems arise from weak or outmoded structuring of subjects in the schedules of DC.
    Ex: The material which carries the message is fragile.
    Ex: To call a supervisor ' spineless' is to tag him as weak and therefore unfair to his really good employees.
    Ex: Mearns warns us, 'Recollection is treacherous; it is usually too broad or too narrow for another's use; and what is more serious, it is frequently undependable and worn and feeble'.
    Ex: Some teachers argue against book clubs, claiming that they bring together only a certain kind of avid reader, the literary equivalent of the religiously effete and over-pious.
    Ex: As more and more copies are produced, so the amount of dye on the master is reduced layer by layer until the image on the copy paper becomes quite faint.
    Ex: Previous research has demonstrated that frail elderly living in subsidized high-rise apartments have greater unmet needs than elderly who reside in traditional community housing.
    Ex: The author wrings sick humor from its feckless heroes' forlorn attempts to escape from a drug habit that they do not really enjoy any longer.
    Ex: Although it may be a bit thin in its use of standard academic sources of information, it is exceedingly strong on insider information and personal interviews.
    Ex: According to Safire, when a slice a cake was put before him Putin said 'Sweets are for weaklings and children'.
    Ex: Under the same regimens of treatment the number of runts produced varied from none to as much as 80 per cent of the litter.
    Ex: Usually, half of us would sleep on the ground outside and the other half would go for the nesh option of sleeping in a tent or hut.
    Ex: Shock as boofy blokes beat weedy intellectual in popularity contest.
    Ex: By running away he shows who he is -- a boneless coward who never engaged in direct confrontation with the enemy.
    * alto y débil = spindly [spindlier -comp., spindliest -sup.].
    * débil de salud = poor health.
    * débiles, los = little guy, the.
    * en el momento más débil de Alguien = at + Posesivo + weakest.
    * eslabón débil = weak link.
    * hacerse el débil = sandbagging.
    * luz débil = glimmer.
    * más débil de la camada, el = runt of the litter, the.
    * más débil del grupo, el = runt of the litter, the.
    * punto débil = blind spot, weak link.
    * punto débil, el = chink in the armour, the.
    * ser el contrincante más débil = punch above + Posesivo + weight.
    * ser el punto más débil de Alguien = be at + Posesivo + weakest.

    * * *
    1 ‹persona› (físicamente) weak; (falto de — firmeza) soft; (— voluntad) weak; ‹economía/ejército/gobierno› weak
    es de complexión débil she has a very weak constitution
    aún está débil he's still weak
    es muy débil de carácter he has a very weak character
    2 ‹sonido/voz› faint; ‹moneda› weak; ‹corriente› weak; ‹argumento› weak; ‹excusa› feeble, lame
    da una luz muy débil it gives out a very dim o feeble o weak light
    3 ( Ling) ‹sílaba/vocal› unstressed, weak
    los débiles the weak
    es un débil mental ( fam); he's soft in the head ( colloq)
    eres un debilucho ( fam); you're a wimp ( colloq)
    los económicamente débiles ( frml); those on low incomes
    * * *

     

    débil adjetivo
    a) ‹persona/economía/gobierno› weak

    b) ‹sonido/voz› faint;

    ‹moneda/argumento› weak;
    ‹ excusa› feeble, lame;
    ‹ luz› dim, faint;
    ‹sílaba/vocal› unstressed, weak
    débil
    I adj (fuerza, salud) weak, feeble: el argumento era muy débil, his reasoning was flawed
    es muy débil de carácter, she is very weak
    es muy débil con sus alumnos, he is lenient with his students o he is over-indulgent with his students
    (intensidad de luz o sonido) faint
    punto débil, weak spot
    II mf
    1 weak person: el fuerte oprime al débil, the powerful opress the weak
    2 (blandengue) wimp: eres una débil, no aguantas nada el calor, don't be such a wimp, it's not even hot
    ' débil' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - alicaída
    - alicaído
    - flaca
    - flaco
    - flojear
    - goteo
    - talón
    - tenue
    - blando
    - flojo
    - lánguido
    - pelele
    - sexo
    English:
    A
    - an
    - anaemic
    - and
    - as
    - be
    - chink
    - dim
    - do
    - failing
    - faint
    - feather
    - feeble
    - frail
    - from
    - infirm
    - limp
    - link
    - shaky
    - shall
    - should
    - tenuous
    - than
    - that
    - them
    - thin
    - to
    - weak
    - were
    - what
    - whatever
    - wimp
    - wimpish
    - would
    - you
    - your
    - yourself
    - fragile
    - glimmer
    - hole
    - low
    - muted
    - run
    - spindly
    - spineless
    - weakly
    - weakness
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. [persona] [sin fuerzas] weak;
    [condescendiente] lax, lenient;
    de constitución débil prone to illness, sickly;
    débil de carácter of weak character
    2. [voz, sonido] faint;
    [luz] dim, faint;
    una débil mejoría a slight improvement;
    una débil brisa movía las cortinas a slight breeze moved the curtains
    3. [país, gobierno, moneda] weak;
    [argumento, teoría] weak, lame
    4. [sílaba] unstressed
    5. [vocal] weak [i, u]
    ♦ nmf
    weak person;
    ser un débil to be weak;
    una enfermedad que ataca a los más débiles a disease which attacks the weakest o most vulnerable
    * * *
    adj weak
    * * *
    débil adj
    : weak, feeble
    ♦ débilmente adv
    * * *
    débil adj
    1. (en general) weak
    2. (ruido) faint
    3. (luz) dim [comp. dimmer; superl. dimmest]

    Spanish-English dictionary > débil

  • 11 oben

    Adv.
    1. at the top; (obenauf) on (the) top; oben! als Aufschrift: this side up!; oben links at the top left; im Bild: in the top left-hand corner; oben am Tisch at the head of the table; da oben up there; hier oben up here; nach oben up(wards); von oben from above; ( mit dem) Gesicht / Bauch etc. nach oben face / belly etc. up; von oben bis unten from top to bottom; Person: from top to toe, from head to foot; oben ohne umg. topless; mir steht es bis hier oben umg., fig. I’m fed up to the back teeth (with it); nicht ( mehr) wissen, wo oben und unten ist umg., fig. not know whether one is coming or going; von oben herab fig. condescendingly
    2. im Text: siehe oben see above; oben erwähnt oder genannt above(-mentioned); nachgestellt: mentioned above; oben stehend above(-mentioned); nachgestellt: above; oben zitiert quoted above
    3. im Haus: upstairs; nach oben upstairs; von oben from upstairs; der Lift fährt nach oben the lift (Am. elevator) is going up; mit dem Lift nach oben fahren go up in the lift (Am. elevator)
    4. umg. (im Norden) up north; oben in den Highlands up in the Highlands; er kommt von da oben he’s from up north
    5. umg., in einer Hierarchie oder Rangordnung: at the top; jetzt ist er ganz oben he’s made it to the top now; die da oben the top people, the powers that be; das ist ein Befehl von ganz oben the order came from the very top; ganz oben stehen in einer Tabelle etc.: be in top spot; in der Hitliste: be at number one; sich oben halten stay at the top
    * * *
    at the head; up; at the top; on top; above; upstairs; overhead
    * * *
    ['oːbn]
    adv
    1) (= am oberen Ende) at the top; (= an der Oberfläche) on the surface; (im Hause) upstairs; (= in der Höhe) up

    (hier) óben! (auf Kisten etc) — this way up!, this side up!

    so ist das Leben, mal bist du óben, mal bist du unten — that's life, sometimes you're up, sometimes you're down

    óben und unten (von etw) verwechseln — to get sth upside down

    wo ist óben (bei dem Bild)? — which is the top (of the picture)?, which is the right way up (for the picture)?

    die Leute, die óben wohnen — the people on the floor above us/you etc, the people (who live) upstairs

    wir möchten lieber óben wohnen — we'd rather live high(er) up

    möchten Sie lieber óben schlafen? (im oberen Bett) — would you like the top bunk?, would you like to sleep on top?

    wir wohnen rechts óben or óben rechts — we live on the top floor to the right

    óben rechts or rechts óben (in der Ecke) — in the top right-hand corner

    die Abbildung óben links or links óben auf der Schautafel — the illustration on the top left corner or in the top left-hand corner of the diagram

    der ist óben nicht ganz richtig (inf) — he's not quite right up top (inf)

    óben ohne gehen or tragen (inf) — to be topless

    ganz óben — right at the top

    ganz óben auf dem Stapel/in der Rangordnung — right at the top of the pile/of the hierarchy

    hier/dort óben — up here/there

    die ganze Sache steht mir bis hier óben (inf) — I'm sick to death of the whole thing (inf), I'm fed up to the back teeth with the whole thing (Brit inf)

    bis óben (hin) — to the top

    hoch óben — high (up) above

    beim Festessen saß er weiter óben an der Tafel — at the banquet he sat nearer the top of the table

    óben auf dem Berg/der Leiter/dem Dach — on top of the mountain/ladder/roof

    óben am Himmel — up in the sky

    óben im Himmel — up in heaven, in heaven above (liter)

    óben in Schottland — up in Scotland

    óben im Norden — up (in the) north

    óben herum — (a)round the top; (von Frau) up top; (von Jacke) (a)round the chest

    nach óben — up, upwards; (im Hause) upstairs

    der Fahrstuhl fährt nach óben — the lift (Brit) or elevator (US) is going up

    wir sind mit dem Fahrstuhl nach óben gefahren — we went up in the lift (Brit) or elevator (US)

    die Bergsteiger sind auf dem Weg nach óben — the climbers are on their way up

    der Weg nach óben (fig) — the road to the top

    endlich hat sie den Weg nach óben geschafft (fig) — she finally got to the top or made it (to the top)

    nach óben zu or hin — towards (Brit) or toward (US) the top

    von óben (her) — down; (im Hause) down(stairs)

    ich komme gerade von óben (am Berg) — I've just come from the top; (im Hause) I've just been upstairs

    von óben (aus) hat man eine schöne Aussicht — there's a nice view from the top

    von óben bis unten — from top to bottom; (von Mensch) from top to toe

    jdn von óben bis unten mustern — to look sb up and down

    jdn von óben herab behandeln — to be condescending to sb, to treat sb condescendingly

    jdn von óben herab ansehen — to look down on sb

    weiter óben — further up

    das Gehöft liegt weiter óben (am Berg/im Tal) — the farm is further or higher up (the mountain/valley)

    2) (inf = die Vorgesetzten)

    die da óben — the powers that be (inf), the top brass (inf)

    das wird óben entschieden — that's decided higher up

    er will sich nur óben beliebt machen — he's just sucking up to the management (inf)

    etw nach óben (weiter)melden/weitergeben — to report sth/to pass sth on to a superior

    der Befehl kommt von óben — it's orders from above

    3) (= vorher) above

    siehe óben — see above

    óben genannt attr — above-mentioned

    wie óben erwähnt or genannt — as mentioned above

    der weiter óben erwähnte Fall — the case referred to before or above

    * * *
    1) (higher up: seen from above.) above
    2) ((in a book etc) earlier or higher up on the page: See above.) above
    3) (above; over one's head: The plane flew overhead; an overhead bridge.) overhead
    * * *
    [ˈo:bn̩]
    \oben auf dem Dach up on the roof
    [hoch] \oben am Himmel [high] up in the sky
    \oben im Himmel up in heavens, in heavens above
    nach \oben zu wird der Weg steiler further up the path becomes steeper
    \oben bleiben to stay up
    dort/hier \oben up there/here
    wo ist er? — da \oben! where is he? — up there!
    nach \oben up[wards]
    der Weg nach \oben the way up
    warme Luft steigt nach \oben warm air rises
    der Wagen blieb mit den Rädern nach \oben liegen the car came to rest upside down
    nach \oben kommen to come up
    von \oben from above
    er kommt gerade von \oben (am Berg) he's just come from the top
    von \oben hat man eine tolle Aussicht there's a great view from the top
    2. (am oberen Ende) at the top
    \oben im Schrank at the top of the cupboard
    \oben auf der Seite on the top of the page
    \oben an der Tafel at the head of the table
    auf Seite 30 \oben at the top of page 30
    wo [o was] ist \oben [bei dem Bild]? which is the top [of the picture]?, which is the right way up [for the picture]?
    ▪ \oben auf etw dat on top of sth
    \oben auf dem Berg/dem Dach/der Leiter on top of the mountain/the roof/the ladder
    bis \oben [hin] up to the top
    ich bin voll bis \oben hin (fam) I'm full to the top
    der Keller steht bis \oben hin unter Wasser the cellar is full up with water
    ganz \oben right at the top, at the very top
    die Singdrossel sitzt ganz \oben auf dem Baum the song-thrush is sitting right at the top of the tree
    \oben links/rechts, links/rechts \oben at the top of the left/right
    ich möchte das Buch \oben rechts I'd like the book on the top right
    \oben links in der Ecke in the top left-hand corner
    der Weisheitszahn \oben rechts the upper right wisdom tooth
    die Abbildung rechts \oben auf der Seite the illustration on the top right of the page
    nach \oben [hin] towards the top
    \oben und unten von etw dat verwechseln to get sth upside down
    weit \oben near the top
    von \oben from the top
    die sechste Zeile von \oben the sixth line down [or from the top
    3. (im oberen Stockwerk) upstairs
    das Paar, das \oben wohnt the couple on the floor above us
    ich möchte lieber \oben wohnen I'd rather live high[er] up
    wir wohnen links \oben [o \oben links] we live on the top floor to the left
    du bleibst heute besser \oben (in der Wohnung) you'd better stay at home today
    [im Bett] \oben schlafen to sleep in the upper bunk
    nach \oben upstairs
    gehst du nach \oben? are you going upstairs?
    der Aufzug fährt nach \oben the lift is going up
    ich bin mit dem Aufzug nach \oben gefahren I went up in the lift
    von \oben from upstairs
    ich komme gerade von \oben I've just been upstairs, I've just come down
    der Aufzug kommt von \oben the lift is coming down
    4. (fam: in einer Hierarchie, Rangfolge) at the top
    wir haben keine Ahnung von dem, was \oben geschieht we have no idea what happens among the powers that be
    solche Dinge werden \oben entschieden these things are decided by the powers that be
    sie will sich einfach nur \oben beliebt machen she's just sucking up to the management pej fam
    er ist jetzt ganz \oben he is now riding high
    die da \oben the powers that be, the top brass esp AM fam, the high-ups fam
    ich gebe Ihren Antrag dann weiter, die \oben sollen sich damit beschäftigen I'll pass your application on, the powers that be can deal with it
    sich akk \oben halten to stay at the top
    nach \oben to the powers that be, to the top fam
    sie wollte nach \oben she wanted to get [or make it] to the top
    der Weg nach \oben the road to the top
    jetzt hat er den Weg nach \oben geschafft he finally got to the top [or made it [to the top]]
    etw nach \oben weitergeben to pass sth on to a superior
    von \oben from the powers that be, from the top
    die Anordnung kommt von \oben it's orders from above
    5. (im Norden) up north
    \oben in Schweden ist es kälter als hier up in Sweden it's colder than here
    dort/hier \oben up there/here [in the north]
    \oben im Norden up [in the] north
    weiter \oben further up [north]
    das Dorf liegt weiter \oben [am Berg/im Tal] the village is further [or higher] up [the mountain/valley]
    6. (vorher) above
    \oben erwähnt [o genannt] above-mentioned attr, mentioned above pred
    der [weiter] \oben erwähnte Fall the case referred to above
    die \oben schon erwähnte Person the above-mentioned [or form aforementioned] person
    wie \oben erwähnt as mentioned above
    das \oben Genannte/Stehende the above
    siehe \oben see above; s.a. Obenstehende
    7. (an der Oberfläche) on the surface
    Fett schwimmt \oben fat floats on the top [or surface]; (fig) there are always people who do all right
    8. (auf der Oberseite) on top
    der Stoff ist \oben glänzend, unten matt the upper part of the material is shiny, the lower part matt
    9.
    ▶ [hier] \oben! (auf Kisten etc.) this way [or side] up!
    ▶ etw nach \oben aufrunden to round sth up
    ▶ nach \oben buckeln, nach unten treten (prov) to be servile to those higher in the hierarchy and arrogant to those lower
    ▶ von \oben herab condescendingly
    jdn von \oben herab ansehen to look down on sb
    jdn von \oben herab behandeln to behave in a superior manner toward sb, to be condescending to sb
    ▶ \oben herum (fam) around the chest
    ▶ \oben ohne (fam) topless
    eine Kellnerin mit \oben ohne a topless waitress
    in dieser Bar wird \oben ohne bedient there are topless waitresses in this bar
    eine \oben-ohne-Bar a topless bar
    ein \oben-ohne-Modell a topless model
    \oben ohne gehen to be topless
    ▶ jd ist \oben nicht ganz richtig sb is not be quite right in the head
    ▶ etw steht jdm bis [hier] \oben sb is sick and tired of sth fam
    die ganze Sache steht mir bis hier \oben I'm fed up to the back teeth with the whole thing fam
    ▶ mal \oben, mal unten sometimes up, sometimes down
    so ist das Leben, mal ist man \oben, mal ist man unten that's life, sometimes you're up, sometimes you're down
    ▶ von \oben bis unten from top to bottom; (beim Mensch) from top to toe
    jdn von \oben bis unten mustern to look sb up and down
    ▶ nicht mehr wissen, wo \oben und unten ist to not know whether you are coming or going
    * * *
    1) (an hoch/höher gelegenem Ort)

    hier/dort oben — up here/there

    [hoch] oben am Himmel — [high] up in the sky

    von oben herab — (fig.) condescendingly

    2) (im Gebäude) upstairs

    der Aufzug fährt nach oben — the lift (Brit.) or (Amer.) elevator is going up

    3) (am oberen Ende, zum oberen Ende hin) at the top

    oben im/auf dem Schrank — at the/up on top of the cupboard

    nach oben [hin] — towards the top

    weiter oben [im Tal] — further or higher up [the valley]

    oben links/rechts — at the top on the left/right

    oben [links/rechts] — (in Bildunterschriften) above [left/right]

    die fünfte Zeile von oben — the fifth line from the top; the fifth line down

    ‘oben’ — ‘this side up’

    wo od. was ist [bei dem Bild] oben — which is the right way up [on the picture]?; which is the top [of the picture]?

    bis oben hin voll sein — (ugs.) be full to the top

    5) (in einer Hierarchie, Rangfolge) at the top

    weit/ganz oben — near the top/right at the top

    der Befehl kam von oben — the order came from above

    die da oben — (ugs.) the high-ups (coll.)

    6) ([weiter] vorn im Text) above

    oben erwähnt/genannt/stehend — above-mentioned

    7) (im Norden) up north

    hier/dort oben — up here/there [in the north]

    * * *
    oben adv
    1. at the top; (obenauf) on (the) top;
    oben! als Aufschrift: this side up!;
    oben links at the top left; im Bild: in the top left-hand corner;
    oben am Tisch at the head of the table;
    da oben up there;
    hier oben up here;
    nach oben up(wards);
    von oben from above;
    (mit dem) Gesicht/Bauch etc
    nach oben face/belly etc up;
    von oben bis unten from top to bottom; Person: from top to toe, from head to foot;
    oben ohne umg topless;
    mir steht es bis hier oben umg, fig I’m fed up to the back teeth (with it);
    nicht (mehr) wissen, wo oben und unten ist umg, fig not know whether one is coming or going;
    von oben herab fig condescendingly
    2. im Text:
    siehe oben see above;
    genannt above(-mentioned); nachgestellt: mentioned above;
    oben stehend above(-mentioned); nachgestellt: above;
    oben zitiert quoted above
    3. im Haus: upstairs;
    nach oben upstairs;
    von oben from upstairs;
    der Lift fährt nach oben the lift (US elevator) is going up;
    mit dem Lift nach oben fahren go up in the lift (US elevator)
    4. umg (im Norden) up north;
    oben in den Highlands up in the Highlands;
    er kommt von da oben he’s from up north
    jetzt ist er ganz oben he’s made it to the top now;
    die da oben the top people, the powers that be;
    das ist ein Befehl von ganz oben the order came from the very top;
    ganz oben stehen in einer Tabelle etc: be in top spot; in der Hitliste: be at number one;
    sich oben halten stay at the top
    * * *
    1) (an hoch/höher gelegenem Ort)

    hier/dort oben — up here/there

    [hoch] oben am Himmel — [high] up in the sky

    von oben herab — (fig.) condescendingly

    2) (im Gebäude) upstairs

    der Aufzug fährt nach oben — the lift (Brit.) or (Amer.) elevator is going up

    3) (am oberen Ende, zum oberen Ende hin) at the top

    oben im/auf dem Schrank — at the/up on top of the cupboard

    nach oben [hin] — towards the top

    weiter oben [im Tal] — further or higher up [the valley]

    oben links/rechts — at the top on the left/right

    oben [links/rechts] — (in Bildunterschriften) above [left/right]

    die fünfte Zeile von oben — the fifth line from the top; the fifth line down

    ‘oben’ — ‘this side up’

    wo od. was ist [bei dem Bild] oben — which is the right way up [on the picture]?; which is the top [of the picture]?

    bis oben hin voll sein — (ugs.) be full to the top

    5) (in einer Hierarchie, Rangfolge) at the top

    weit/ganz oben — near the top/right at the top

    die da oben — (ugs.) the high-ups (coll.)

    6) ([weiter] vorn im Text) above

    oben erwähnt/genannt/stehend — above-mentioned

    7) (im Norden) up north

    hier/dort oben — up here/there [in the north]

    * * *
    adj.
    top adj. adv.
    above adv.
    ahead adv.
    aloft adv.
    supra adv.
    up adv.
    upstairs adv. präp.
    at the top of expr.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > oben

  • 12 rápido

    adj.
    1 fast, quick, speedy, swift.
    2 fast, express, overnight, quick.
    3 prompt, expeditious, quick, dynamic.
    4 fast, breakneck.
    adv.
    fast, quickly.
    intj.
    hurry up, quick, let's hurry up, let's hurry.
    m.
    1 rapid, stream, riffle, shoot.
    2 express train, fast train.
    * * *
    1 quick, fast
    1 quickly
    ■ ¡rápido! hurry up!, make it snappy!
    1 (tren) fast train, express train
    1 (del río) rapids
    ————————
    1 (tren) fast train, express train
    * * *
    1. (f. - rápida)
    adj.
    fast, quick, swift
    2. adv.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=veloz) fast, quick; [tren] fast, express
    2) And, Caribe, Cono Sur [campo, paisaje] fallow
    3) Caribe [tiempo] clear
    2.

    ¡y rápido, eh! — and make it snappy! *

    3. SM
    1) (Ferro) express
    2) And, Caribe, Cono Sur (=campo) open country
    3)

    rápidos — (=rabiones) rapids

    * * *
    I
    - da adverbio <hablar/trabajar> quickly, fast; <conducir/ir> fast

    vamos, rápido, que es tarde! — quick o hurry, we're late!

    tráemelo rápido! — bring it to me, quick!

    II
    adjetivo < aumento> rapid; < cambio> quick, rapid, swift; < desarrollo> rapid, swift

    a paso rápido — quickly, swiftly

    III
    1) (Ferr) express train, fast train
    2) rápidos masculino plural (Geog) rapids (pl)
    * * *
    = cursory, fast [faster -comp., fastest -sup.], fleeting, meteoric, prompt, quick [quicker -comp., quickest -sup.], rapid, ready [readier -comp., readiest -sup.], speedy [speedier -comp., speediest -sup.], swift [swifter -comp., swiftest -sup.], expeditious, fast-paced [fast paced], quick-fire, quick and dirty, rapid paced, accelerated, nifty [niftier -comp., nifitiest -sup.], nippy [nippier -comp., nippiest -sup.].
    Ex. A cursory glance at the first column on this page of the schedules shows you that the terms listed here have a code number assigned to each.
    Ex. This arrangement is faster than waiting until documents are ordered.
    Ex. From time to time librarians do catch a fleeting glimpse of how others see them when some journalist or academic does articulate this widespread phobia.
    Ex. This article discusses the serious implications of published research on price comparisons, especially when periodical prices are experiencing a meteoric rise.
    Ex. In some instances the exploitation of centralised cataloguing records contributes to more prompt cataloguing, since less local cataloguing needs to be performed.
    Ex. Fixed length fields the are economical on storage space, and records using fixed length fields are quick and easy to code.
    Ex. Currency is more important in subjects where developments are rapid, than in more stable areas.
    Ex. Any shelf arrangement systems which do not permit ready location of specific documents are cumbersome for the user or member of staff seeking a specific document.
    Ex. Thus familiarity with normal filing orders becomes an important factor in complete and speedy retrieval from almost all printed sources.
    Ex. For example, books close to the door and the circulation desk may be intended for the user who merely wishes to make a swift selection of items to take away and read elsewhere.
    Ex. Activities can be plotted to allow the librarian to determine the most expeditious route that can be taken to finish the event.
    Ex. Access to current, reliable quality news is an important need in the fast-paced environment of all large corporations and service organisations.
    Ex. The librarian should be at pains to avoid the quick-fire response of the quiz contestant.
    Ex. A ' quick and dirty' method is for all participants to select their 'favourite five' from each category.
    Ex. This is a rapid paced, 30 minute session that introduces students to the concept of a search strategy and to various reference sources in print.
    Ex. The author locates the waning educational computing craze in the historical context of an ed-tech trajectory that has brought visions of accelerated academic achievement followed by disappointment.
    Ex. Cannes and Monaco have lots of money, beautiful women, nifty cars, lots of style and arrogance.
    Ex. Around city and suburbs, the car is nippy and responds well.
    ----
    * actuar rápido = be quick off the mark, be quick off the blocks.
    * a un paso rápido = at a rapid pace.
    * a un ritmo rápido = at a rapid pace.
    * avance rápido de imágenes = fast motion.
    * cada vez más rápido = ever faster.
    * comenzar muy rápido = be off to a fast start.
    * comenzar rápido = be quick off the mark, be quick off the blocks.
    * comida rápida = junk food.
    * comprobación rápida = spot check.
    * consulta rápida = ready reference.
    * creación rápida de prototipos = rapid prototyping.
    * de crecimiento más rápido = fastest-growing.
    * de crecimiento rápido = fast-growing, fast-evolving.
    * de desarrollo rápido = fast-evolving.
    * de movimientos rápidos = quick-moving.
    * de rápido crecimiento = rapidly expanding, rapidly growing.
    * de una forma rápida = quickly.
    * de un modo rápido = overnight, at short notice.
    * empezar rápido = be quick off the mark, be quick off the blocks.
    * ir rápido = fly.
    * menos rápidos, los = less fleet of foot, the.
    * mirar rápida y brevemente = catch + sight of.
    * mucho más rápido = far faster.
    * muy frecuente y rápido = rapid-fire.
    * obras de consulta rápida = quick reference material.
    * rápida y enormemente = at a bound.
    * rápidos = rapids.
    * reaccionar rápido = be quick off the mark, be quick off the blocks.
    * recordar de un modo rápido = sweep back to.
    * responder rápido = be quick off the mark, be quick off the blocks.
    * restaurante de comida rápida = fast-food restaurant.
    * ser de crecimiento rápido = be a quick grower.
    * ser muy rápido = be quick off + Posesivo + feet.
    * ser rápido = be quick off the mark, be quick off the blocks.
    * tan rápido como una liebre = as quick as a wink.
    * tan rápido como un rayo = as quick as a wink.
    * tan rápido como un relámpago = as quick as a wink.
    * * *
    I
    - da adverbio <hablar/trabajar> quickly, fast; <conducir/ir> fast

    vamos, rápido, que es tarde! — quick o hurry, we're late!

    tráemelo rápido! — bring it to me, quick!

    II
    adjetivo < aumento> rapid; < cambio> quick, rapid, swift; < desarrollo> rapid, swift

    a paso rápido — quickly, swiftly

    III
    1) (Ferr) express train, fast train
    2) rápidos masculino plural (Geog) rapids (pl)
    * * *
    = cursory, fast [faster -comp., fastest -sup.], fleeting, meteoric, prompt, quick [quicker -comp., quickest -sup.], rapid, ready [readier -comp., readiest -sup.], speedy [speedier -comp., speediest -sup.], swift [swifter -comp., swiftest -sup.], expeditious, fast-paced [fast paced], quick-fire, quick and dirty, rapid paced, accelerated, nifty [niftier -comp., nifitiest -sup.], nippy [nippier -comp., nippiest -sup.].

    Ex: A cursory glance at the first column on this page of the schedules shows you that the terms listed here have a code number assigned to each.

    Ex: This arrangement is faster than waiting until documents are ordered.
    Ex: From time to time librarians do catch a fleeting glimpse of how others see them when some journalist or academic does articulate this widespread phobia.
    Ex: This article discusses the serious implications of published research on price comparisons, especially when periodical prices are experiencing a meteoric rise.
    Ex: In some instances the exploitation of centralised cataloguing records contributes to more prompt cataloguing, since less local cataloguing needs to be performed.
    Ex: Fixed length fields the are economical on storage space, and records using fixed length fields are quick and easy to code.
    Ex: Currency is more important in subjects where developments are rapid, than in more stable areas.
    Ex: Any shelf arrangement systems which do not permit ready location of specific documents are cumbersome for the user or member of staff seeking a specific document.
    Ex: Thus familiarity with normal filing orders becomes an important factor in complete and speedy retrieval from almost all printed sources.
    Ex: For example, books close to the door and the circulation desk may be intended for the user who merely wishes to make a swift selection of items to take away and read elsewhere.
    Ex: Activities can be plotted to allow the librarian to determine the most expeditious route that can be taken to finish the event.
    Ex: Access to current, reliable quality news is an important need in the fast-paced environment of all large corporations and service organisations.
    Ex: The librarian should be at pains to avoid the quick-fire response of the quiz contestant.
    Ex: A ' quick and dirty' method is for all participants to select their 'favourite five' from each category.
    Ex: This is a rapid paced, 30 minute session that introduces students to the concept of a search strategy and to various reference sources in print.
    Ex: The author locates the waning educational computing craze in the historical context of an ed-tech trajectory that has brought visions of accelerated academic achievement followed by disappointment.
    Ex: Cannes and Monaco have lots of money, beautiful women, nifty cars, lots of style and arrogance.
    Ex: Around city and suburbs, the car is nippy and responds well.
    * actuar rápido = be quick off the mark, be quick off the blocks.
    * a un paso rápido = at a rapid pace.
    * a un ritmo rápido = at a rapid pace.
    * avance rápido de imágenes = fast motion.
    * cada vez más rápido = ever faster.
    * comenzar muy rápido = be off to a fast start.
    * comenzar rápido = be quick off the mark, be quick off the blocks.
    * comida rápida = junk food.
    * comprobación rápida = spot check.
    * consulta rápida = ready reference.
    * creación rápida de prototipos = rapid prototyping.
    * de crecimiento más rápido = fastest-growing.
    * de crecimiento rápido = fast-growing, fast-evolving.
    * de desarrollo rápido = fast-evolving.
    * de movimientos rápidos = quick-moving.
    * de rápido crecimiento = rapidly expanding, rapidly growing.
    * de una forma rápida = quickly.
    * de un modo rápido = overnight, at short notice.
    * empezar rápido = be quick off the mark, be quick off the blocks.
    * ir rápido = fly.
    * menos rápidos, los = less fleet of foot, the.
    * mirar rápida y brevemente = catch + sight of.
    * mucho más rápido = far faster.
    * muy frecuente y rápido = rapid-fire.
    * obras de consulta rápida = quick reference material.
    * rápida y enormemente = at a bound.
    * rápidos = rapids.
    * reaccionar rápido = be quick off the mark, be quick off the blocks.
    * recordar de un modo rápido = sweep back to.
    * responder rápido = be quick off the mark, be quick off the blocks.
    * restaurante de comida rápida = fast-food restaurant.
    * ser de crecimiento rápido = be a quick grower.
    * ser muy rápido = be quick off + Posesivo + feet.
    * ser rápido = be quick off the mark, be quick off the blocks.
    * tan rápido como una liebre = as quick as a wink.
    * tan rápido como un rayo = as quick as a wink.
    * tan rápido como un relámpago = as quick as a wink.

    * * *
    ‹hablar/trabajar› quickly, fast; ‹conducir› fast
    ¡vamos, rápido, que es tarde! quick o hurry, we're late!
    corrí todo lo rápido que podía I ran as fast o as quickly as I could
    tráeme un trapo ¡rápido! bring me a cloth, quick!
    ¿puedes ir un poco más rápido? can you go a bit faster?
    vámonos rápido de aquí let's get out of here quickly o ( colloq) quick
    rápido2 -da
    ‹aumento› rapid; ‹cambio› quick, rapid, swift; ‹desarrollo› rapid, swift
    a paso rápido quickly, swiftly
    comida rápida fast food
    es muy rápido de hacer you can make it very quickly, it's very quick to make
    A ( Ferr) express train, fast train
    B rápidos mpl ( Geog) rapids (pl)
    * * *

     

    rápido 1 adverbio ‹hablar/trabajar› quickly, fast;
    ‹conducir/ir› fast;
    ◊ tráemelo ¡rápido! bring it to me, quick!

    rápido 2 -da adjetivo ‹ aumento› rapid;

    ‹ cambio› quick, rapid, swift;
    ‹ desarrollo› rapid, swift;

    comida rápida fast food
    ■ sustantivo masculino (Ferr) express train, fast train
    ■ sustantivo masculino
    1 (Ferr) fast train
    2
    ◊ rápidos sustantivo masculino plural (Geog) rapids (pl)

    rápido,-a
    I adjetivo quick, fast, rapid
    comida rápida, fast food
    nos dio una rápida contestación, he gave us a speedy response ➣ Ver nota en fast
    II adverbio quickly, fast: caminas demasiado rápido, you're walking too fast
    ¡rápido!, hurry up!
    III sustantivo masculino 1 rápidos, (de un río) rapids pl
    2 (tren) fast train, express
    ' rápido' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    en
    - espuela
    - estirón
    - lanzada
    - lanzado
    - ligera
    - ligero
    - rápida
    - cada
    - chiste
    - doble
    - minuta
    - pasar
    - perder
    - posible
    - pronto
    - seguir
    - súper
    - tren
    English:
    boomtown
    - brisk
    - cursory
    - dive
    - fast
    - flick
    - flying
    - get-rich-quick
    - hasty
    - high-speed
    - jump in
    - lively
    - nippy
    - passing
    - poof
    - prompt
    - quick
    - quickly
    - rapid
    - rattle through
    - runner
    - rush
    - smart
    - snappy
    - speedy
    - swift
    - trigger-happy
    - and
    - as
    - cataract
    - express
    - intercity
    - reader
    - so
    - walker
    * * *
    rápido, -a
    ♦ adj
    [veloz] quick, fast; [vehículo, comida] fast; [beneficio, decisión, vistazo] quick;
    ser rápido de reflejos to have quick reflexes
    ♦ adv
    quickly, fast;
    no conduzcas tan rápido don't drive so fast;
    no hables tan rápido, no te entiendo don't talk so fast, I can't understand you;
    más rápido quicker;
    ¡ven, rápido! come, quick!;
    ¡hazlo/termina rápido! hurry up!;
    si vamos rápido puede que lleguemos a tiempo if we're quick o if we hurry we may get there on time
    ♦ nm
    1. [tren] express train
    2.
    rápidos [de río] rapids
    * * *
    I adj quick, fast
    II m rapids pl
    * * *
    rápido adv
    : quickly, fast
    ¡manejas tan rápido!: you drive so fast!
    rápido, -da adj
    : rapid, quick
    ♦ rápidamente adv
    1) : express train
    2) rápidos nmpl
    : rapids
    * * *
    rápido1 adj
    1. (vistazo, lectura, visita) quick
    2. (corredor, tren, animal) fast
    rápido2 adv quickly

    Spanish-English dictionary > rápido

  • 13 santo

    1. adj holy
    acqua f santa holy water
    tutto il santo giorno the whole blessed day
    2. m, santa f saint
    * * *
    santo agg.
    1 holy: santa comunione, Holy Communion; santa croce, Holy Cross; santa messa, Holy Mass; acqua santa, holy water; anno santo, Holy (o Jubilee) Year; giovedì santo, ( per i cattolici) Holy (Week) Thursday, ( per i cristiani non cattolici) Maundy Thursday (o Thursday before Easter o Thursday in Holy Week); venerdì santo, Good Friday; sabato santo, Holy Saturday; settimana santa, Holy Week; olio santo, holy oil; guerra santa, holy war // Spirito Santo, Holy Spirit (o Holy Ghost) // la città santa, the Holy City; la terra santa, the Holy Land // il santo padre, the Holy Father // la Santa Sede, the Holy See // il Sant'Uffizio, the Holy Office // la Santa Alleanza, (st.) the Holy Alliance // in santa pace, (fam.) in peace and quiet; vorrei starmene a casa in santa pace, I want to stay at home in peace and quiet // tutti i santi giorni, (fam.) every single (o blessed) day // tutto il santo giorno, (fam.) all day long (o the whole blessed day) // gliele diede di santa ragione, (fam.) he thrashed him soundly // fammi il santo piacere di tacere, (fam.) for goodness' sake, shut up! // ''Andiamo a casa'' ''Parole sante!'', (fam.) ''Let's go home'' ''Right you are!'' // oh santo cielo!, (fam.) oh heavens!
    2 ( seguito da nome proprio) Saint (abbr. St.): Santo Stefano, Saint Stephen; Santa Teresa, Saint Teresa
    3 ( pio) pious, godly; ( da santo) saintly: santi pensieri, pious thoughts; vita santa, saintly life
    ◆ s.m. saint: santo patrono, patron saint; giorno di tutti i Santi, All Saints' Day; che santo è oggi?, what saint's day is it today?; festeggiare il proprio santo, to keep one's saint's day (o name day) // il Santo dei Santi, the Holy of Holies (o Sanctum Sanctorum) // tuo padre è un santo a sopportarti, your father must be a saint to put up with you // pazienza da santi, saintly patience; avere la pazienza di un santo, to have the patience of a saint; questo basterebbe a fare perdere la pazienza a un santo, this would try the patience of a saint // a dispetto dei santi, at any cost // qualche santo ci aiuterà, (fig.) God will provide // avere un santo dalla propria ( parte), avere qualche santo in paradiso, (fig.) ( essere molto fortunato) to have a guardian angel, ( essere molto raccomandato) to have protection in high places // non saper più a che santo votarsi, (fig.) to be at one's wits' end // raccomandarsi a tutti i santi, (fig.) to knock at every door // non c'è santi, dobbiamo partire subito, (fam.) there are no two ways about it, we must leave immediately // non è uno stinco di santo, (fam.) he's no saint // passata la festa, gabbato lo santo, (prov.) once on shore we pray no more (o the river is passed and God forgotten) // scherza coi fanti e lascia stare i santi, (prov.) don't mix the sacred with the profane.
    * * *
    ['santo] santo (-a)
    1. agg
    1) (sacro) holy
    2) seguito da sm: san + consonante, sant' + vocale, santo + s impura, gn, pn, ps, x, z, seguito da sf: santa + consonante, sant' + vocale, saint

    San Pietro — (apostolo) Saint Peter, (chiesa) Saint Peter's

    3) fig saint

    quel sant'uomo di tuo nonno — (defunto) your sainted grandfather

    tutto il santo giorno — the whole blessed day, all day long

    2. sm/f
    (anche), fig saint

    quella santa di sua moglie — his wife, saint that she is

    3.

    santi smpl; i Santi — (Ognissanti) All Saints' Day

    * * *
    ['santo] 1.
    aggettivo (the masculine form is santo before proper nouns that begin with s followed by a consonant; it becomes sant' before proper nouns that begin with a vowel and san before proper nouns that begin with a consonant)
    1) (sacro) [acqua, guerra, città] holy

    san Marco, sant'Andrea — Saint Mark, Saint Andrew

    Santo Stefano — (26 dicembre) Boxing Day BE

    3) (pio, devoto)
    2.
    sostantivo maschile (f. -a)

    i Santi — (ognissanti) All Saints' Day

    fare santo qcn. — to canonize sb

    2) fig. (persona pia, paziente) saint, godly person
    3) colloq. (patrono) patron (saint)
    4) colloq. (onomastico) name day, saint's day
    ••

    avere un santo o dei -i in paradiso to have friends in high places; non so a che santo votarmi I don't know which way o where to turn; avere la pazienza di un santo to have the patience of a saint; non c'è santo che tenga there's no getting round it; fare qcs. in -a pace — to do sth. in peace and quiet

    * * *
    santo
    /'santo/
     (the masculine form is santo before proper nouns that begin with s followed by a consonant; it becomes sant' before proper nouns that begin with a vowel and san before proper nouns that begin with a consonant)
     1 (sacro) [acqua, guerra, città] holy
     2 (seguito da nome proprio) Saint; (abbreviato) S, St; san Marco, sant'Andrea Saint Mark, Saint Andrew; Santo Stefano (26 dicembre) Boxing Day BE
     3 (pio, devoto) è un sant'uomo he's a saintly man; condurre una vita -a to live the life of a saint
     4 (indubitabile) parole -e! how right you are!
     5 colloq. (con uso pleonastico) tutto il santo giorno the whole blessed day; fatemi il santo piacere di stare zitti will you kindly shut up
     6 (in esclamazioni) -a pazienza! good Lord! santo cielo! heavens (above)! oh dear! God! Madonna -a! Good Heavens!
     (f. -a)
     1 saint; i Santi (ognissanti) All Saints' Day; fare santo qcn. to canonize sb.
     2 fig. (persona pia, paziente) saint, godly person
     3 colloq. (patrono) patron (saint)
     4 colloq. (onomastico) name day, saint's day
    avere un santo o dei -i in paradiso to have friends in high places; non so a che santo votarmi I don't know which way o where to turn; avere la pazienza di un santo to have the patience of a saint; non c'è santo che tenga there's no getting round it; fare qcs. in -a pace to do sth. in peace and quiet.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > santo

  • 14 hazret

    ",-ti 1. When used in the singular in a Persian izafet construction it becomes a title for God, for important religious figures, or for a sacred or esteemed book: Hazreti Muhammet the Prophet Muhammad. Hazreti Musa the Prophet Moses. Hazreti Kuran the Holy Koran. 2. When used in a Turkish izafet construction it becomes a title for secular personages: Kraliçe Hazretleri Her Majesty the Queen. Dük Hazretleri His Grace the Duke. 3. used without a qualifying noun to refer to a venerated or important figure: Hazretin türbesi burada. The tomb of the Holy Man is here. Hazretin odasına çıktım. I went up to his Excellency´s room. 4. his nibs, high cockalorum (used sarcastically): Hazreti gördün mü? Have you seen his nibs? 5. colloq. chief, Brit. squire (used as a jocular form of address): Nereye hazret? Where are you off to, squire? H-i Nuh´tan kalma 1. very old, ancient, (something) which came out of the Ark. 2. very antiquated; very out-of-date."

    Saja Türkçe - İngilizce Sözlük > hazret

  • 15 stehen

    n; -s, kein Pl.
    1. etw. im Stehen tun do s.th. while standing (up); er macht alles im Stehen he does everything standing up; vom vielen Stehen bekommt sie Rückenschmerzen she gets back pain from all this standing ( oder because she has to stand so much); das viele Stehen ist nicht gesund all that standing doesn’t do you any good
    2. zum Stehen bringen bring to a stop ( oder standstill); (Blutung etc.) stop; zum Stehen kommen come to a halt ( oder standstill)
    * * *
    (gut aussehen) to suit; to become;
    * * *
    Ste|hen
    nt -s,
    no pl

    das viele Stéhen — all this standing

    etw im Stéhen tun — to do sth standing up

    2) (= Halt) stop, standstill

    zum Stéhen bringen — to stop; Lokomotive, LKW, Verkehr, Produktion auch to bring to a standstill or halt or stop; Heer, Vormarsch auch to halt

    zum Stéhen kommen — to stop; (Lokomotive, LKW, Verkehr, Produktion auch) to come to a standstill or halt or stop

    * * *
    1) (to suit: That dress really becomes her.) become
    2) (to be in an upright position, not sitting or lying: His leg was so painful that he could hardly stand; After the storm, few trees were left standing.) stand
    3) (to remain motionless: The train stood for an hour outside Newcastle.) stand
    4) (to be in or have a particular place: There is now a factory where our house once stood.) stand
    5) ((of clothes, styles, fashions etc) to be right or appropriate for: Long hair suits her; That dress doen't suit her.) suit
    * * *
    Ste·hen
    <-s>
    [ˈʃte:ən]
    ▪ das \Stehen standing
    gerades [o aufrechtes] \Stehen standing upright
    etw im \Stehen tun to do sth standing up
    im \Stehen essen to have a stand-up meal, to eat standing up
    * * *
    1.
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; südd., österr., schweiz. mit sein

    er arbeitet stehend od. im Stehen — he works standing up

    mit jemandem/etwas stehen und fallen — (fig.) stand or fall with somebody/something

    2) (sich befinden) be; <upright object, building> stand

    wo steht dein Auto? — where is your car [parked]?

    ich tue alles, was in meinen Kräften od. meiner Macht steht — I'll do everything in my power

    auf etwas (Dat.) stehen — <needle, hand> point to something

    das Barometer steht tief/auf Regen — the barometer is reading low/indicating rain

    die Ampel steht auf rot — the traffic lights are [on] red

    es steht mir bis zum Hals[e] od. bis oben od. bis hier[hin] — I'm fed up to the back teeth with it (coll.); I'm sick to death of it (coll.)

    der Wind steht günstig/nach Norden — (Seemannsspr.) the wind stands fair/is from the north

    wie steht es/das Spiel? — (Sport) what's the score?

    4) (einen bestimmten Kurs, Wert haben) < currency> stand ( bei at)

    wie steht das Pfund? — what is the rate for the pound?; how is the pound doing? (coll.)

    5) (nicht in Bewegung sein) be stationary; <machine etc.> be at a standstill

    stehen bleiben — (anhalten) stop; < traffic> come to a standstill; (fig.) < time> stand still

    wo sind wir stehen geblieben? — (fig.) where had we got to?; where were we?; (unverändert gelassen werden) stay; be left; (zurückgelassen werden) be left behind; (der Zerstörung entgehen) < building> be left standing

    etwas stehen lassen — (belassen, nicht entfernen) leave something; (zurücklassen, vergessen) leave something [behind]

    sich (Dat.) einen Bart stehen lassen — (ugs.) grow a beard; (vergessen) leave [behind]; (sich abwenden von)

    jemanden stehen lassen — (sich von jemandem abwenden) walk off and leave somebody standing there

    6) (geschrieben, gedruckt sein) be

    in der Zeitung steht, dass... — it says in the paper that...

    7) (Sprachw.): (gebraucht werden) <subjunctive etc.> occur; be found

    mit dem Dativ stehen — be followed by or take the dative

    8)

    zu jemandem/etwas stehen — stand by somebody/something

    hinter jemandem/etwas stehen — (jemanden unterstützen) be [right] behind somebody/something; support somebody/something

    9)

    jemandem [gut] stehen — <dress etc.> suit somebody [well]

    Lächeln steht dir gut — (fig.) it suits you or you look nice when you smile

    mit jemandem gut/schlecht stehen — be on good/bad terms or get on well/badly with somebody

    11)

    auf etwas (Akk.) steht Gefängnis — something is punishable by imprisonment

    2.
    unregelmäßiges reflexives Verb; südd., österr., schweiz. mit sein (ugs.)

    sich gut/schlecht stehen — be comfortably/badly off

    sich gut/schlecht mit jemandem stehen — be on good/bad terms or get on well/badly with somebody

    * * *
    stehen; steht, stand, hat, südd, österr, schweiz auch ist gestanden
    A. v/i
    1. (aufrecht sein) Person, Ding: stand;
    der Kleine kann schon stehen he can stand up ( oder stand on his own) already;
    ich kann vor Müdigkeit kaum noch stehen I’m so tired I can hardly stand up;
    plötzlich stand er vor mir suddenly he was standing there in front of me;
    jemanden (einfach) stehen lassen (just) leave sb standing there;
    die Flasche soll stehen the bottle is supposed to stand up;
    vor Dreck stehen umg be stiff with dirt;
    das Hotel soll Ende Mai stehen the hotel is supposed to be standing ( oder complete) by the end of May
    wo stehen die Gläser? where are the glasses?;
    unter der Dusche stehen be in the shower, be having a shower;
    der Wein steht kalt the wine has been chilled;
    die Pflanze steht zu dunkel that plant needs more light;
    der Keller steht voll Wasser the cellar’s flooded ( oder full of water)
    3. (stillstehen) stand still; Uhr etc: have stopped;
    der Verkehr stand the traffic was at ( oder had come to) a standstill;
    die Luft steht draußen: it’s very still ( schwül: close); drinnen: the air is thick in here;
    stehen bleiben Person, beim Vortragen etc: stop (short); Uhr: stop; Maschine: auch come to a standstill (auch fig); Motor: auch stall; Herz: stop beating; Zeit: stand still;
    halt, stehen bleiben (oder ich schieße)! stop (or I’ll shoot)!;
    nicht stehen bleiben! move along, please!, keep moving!;
    wo waren wir stehen geblieben? fig where were we?; im Buch etc: auch where did we get to?;
    dort scheint die Zeit stehen geblieben zu sein it’s as if time had stood still there;
    4.
    ist hier ein Schirm stehen geblieben? has anyone left an umbrella here?;
    stehen lassen (zurücklassen, auch vergessen) leave behind; (Essen) not touch, leave (untouched);
    er hat seinen Kaffee stehen lassen auch he hasn’t drunk his coffee;
    ihr könnt das Geschirr ruhig stehen lassen you can just leave the dishes;
    habe ich hier meinen Schirm stehen lassen? did I leave my umbrella here?;
    man sollte sein Auto auch mal stehen lassen you should occasionally leave your car at home
    5.
    stehen in (+dat) (geschrieben sein) be (written) in;
    im Brief steht the letter says;
    hier steht, (dass) … it says here (that) …;
    wo steht das (geschrieben)? where does it say that?; fig bei Verbot etc: since when is that a crime?, says who? umg;
    hier muss ein Komma stehen there should be a comma here;
    nach diesem Verb steht der Konjunktiv that verb takes ( oder requires) the subjunctive;
    auf einer Liste stehen be on a list;
    stehen lassen (nicht streichen) leave (in); (übersehen, Fehler) overlook, miss;
    bitte stehen lassen! (Tafelanschrieb etc) please leave, please don’t rub out;
    das kann man so nicht stehen lassen, das kann so nicht stehen bleiben (Text, Behauptung, Formulierung etc) you can’t leave it like that;
    soll das so stehen bleiben? is it supposed to stay like that?
    6. umg (feststehen) be fixed, be finalized;
    die Mannschaft/der Plan steht the team/plan has been finalized;
    der Termin steht the date is fixed;
    die Sache muss bis Ende der Woche stehen it’s got to be licked into shape by the end of the week;
    steht dein Referat schon? als Entwurf: have you sketched out your paper yet?, is your paper ready in outline; fertig: have you finished your paper?
    7. mit Wert-, Zahlenangabe etc:
    stehen auf (+dat) Skala etc: show, be at; Aktien etc: be at;
    der Zeiger steht auf null the needle is at ( oder on) zero;
    das Thermometer steht auf 10 Grad the thermometer shows ( oder is pointing to) 10 degrees;
    wie steht der Dollar? how high is the dollar?, what’s the dollar worth?;
    der Dollar steht bei … the dollar stands at ( oder is worth) …;
    höher denn je stehen Währung, Aktienkurs etc: have reached an all-time high;
    auf Diebstahl steht eine Freiheitsstrafe theft is punishable by imprisonment;
    auf die Ergreifung des Täters stehen 10 000 Euro Belohnung there’s a reward of 10,000 euros for the capture of the person who did it
    9.
    wo steht er politisch? what are his political leanings?;
    er steht (politisch) links (politically) he’s on the left
    10. umg:
    auf jemanden/etwas stehen like ( oder fancy) sb/sth;
    er steht auf modernen Jazz he’s into modern jazz;
    sie steht auf große, dunkle Typen she goes for the tall dark type;
    da steh ich nicht drauf it doesn’t turn me on
    11. fig:
    stehen für stand for; stellvertretend: represent;
    der Name steht für Qualität the name stands ( oder is a byword) for quality;
    er steht dafür, dass das Geld bezahlt wird (er garantiert dafür) he’s guaranteeing that the money will be paid, he’s acting as guarantor for the payment of the money
    12. fig:
    hinter jemandem stehen be behind sb;
    voll hinter jemandem stehen be backing sb all the way ( oder up to the hilt);
    gut/schlecht mit jemandem stehen get on/not get on (very well) with sb;
    ihr Sinn steht nach Höherem she’s set her sights higher (than that);
    über/unter jemandem stehen be above/below sb;
    er steht über solchen Dingen he’s above that kind of thing;
    du musst versuchen, über solchen Dingen zu stehen you must try not to let that kind of thing bother you
    13. fig:
    zu jemandem/etwas stehen stand by sb/sth;
    ich stehe dazu auch I’m sticking by it, I haven’t changed my mind (on that);
    wie stehst du dazu? what do you think (about it)?, what are your feelings (on the matter)?
    14. fig:
    unter Alkohol stehen be under the influence of alcohol, have been drinking;
    unter Drogen stehen have been taking drugs, be on drugs;
    vor großen Schwierigkeiten stehen face great difficulties;
    vor dem Ruin stehen be on the brink of ruin;
    er steht vor seiner Abschlussprüfung he’s got his final exams coming up
    15. fig:
    wie stehen die Dinge? how are things?;
    die Sache steht gut things are looking good;
    das Ganze steht und fällt mit … the whole thing stands or falls on …;
    die Chancen stehen fifty-fifty the odds are even; → Aufsicht 1, Debatte, Einfluss, Sinn 3 etc
    jemandem stehen suit sb;
    der Hut etc
    steht dir gut that hat etc (really) suits you;
    es steht dir nicht auch it’s not you
    17.
    sich (dat)
    18. umg, Penis: be erect;
    er stand ihm sl Penis: he had a hard-on
    B. v/t (hat):
    einen Sprung stehen Eiskunstlauf, Turnen land a jump;
    kann er diese Weite stehen? can he make this distance (without falling)?; → Mann 5, Modell 2, Pate 1, Posten 1 etc
    C. v/r (hat):
    sich gut/schlecht mit jemandem stehen get on/not get on (well) with sb;
    er steht sich gut he’s not doing badly
    D. v/i unpers (hat, südd, österr, schweiz auch ist)
    1.
    wie steht es um …? (etwas, jemanden) how is/are … (getting on)?;
    wie steht es um seine Doktorarbeit? what’s the position with his doctorate?;
    es steht gut/schlecht um ihn things are going well/badly for him, he’s doing well/badly; Aussichten: things are looking good/bad for him;
    mit i-r Gesundheit steht es schlecht she’s in a bad way (healthwise);
    na, (wie geht’s,) wie steht’s? umg and how are we?;
    also, wie steht’s? (wie ist der Stand der Dinge?) so, how are things?;
    wie steht’s mit einem Bier? umg how about a beer?;
    (und) wie steht es mit dir? umg how about you?
    2. SPORT:
    es steht 2:1 the score is 2-1 (
    für to);
    wie (viel) steht es? what’s the score?
    3.
    es steht zu befürchten, dass … it is to be feared that …;
    es steht nicht bei mir zu (+inf) it’s not for me to (+inf), it’s not up to me to (+inf)
    es steht (ganz) bei dir it’s (entirely) up to you, it’s (entirely) your decision
    * * *
    1.
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; südd., österr., schweiz. mit sein

    er arbeitet stehend od. im Stehen — he works standing up

    mit jemandem/etwas stehen und fallen — (fig.) stand or fall with somebody/something

    2) (sich befinden) be; <upright object, building> stand

    wo steht dein Auto? — where is your car [parked]?

    ich tue alles, was in meinen Kräften od. meiner Macht steht — I'll do everything in my power

    auf etwas (Dat.) stehen — <needle, hand> point to something

    das Barometer steht tief/auf Regen — the barometer is reading low/indicating rain

    die Ampel steht auf rot — the traffic lights are [on] red

    es steht mir bis zum Hals[e] od. bis oben od. bis hier[hin] — I'm fed up to the back teeth with it (coll.); I'm sick to death of it (coll.)

    der Wind steht günstig/nach Norden — (Seemannsspr.) the wind stands fair/is from the north

    wie steht es/das Spiel? — (Sport) what's the score?

    4) (einen bestimmten Kurs, Wert haben) < currency> stand ( bei at)

    wie steht das Pfund? — what is the rate for the pound?; how is the pound doing? (coll.)

    5) (nicht in Bewegung sein) be stationary; <machine etc.> be at a standstill

    stehen bleiben — (anhalten) stop; < traffic> come to a standstill; (fig.) < time> stand still

    wo sind wir stehen geblieben? — (fig.) where had we got to?; where were we?; (unverändert gelassen werden) stay; be left; (zurückgelassen werden) be left behind; (der Zerstörung entgehen) < building> be left standing

    etwas stehen lassen — (belassen, nicht entfernen) leave something; (zurücklassen, vergessen) leave something [behind]

    sich (Dat.) einen Bart stehen lassen — (ugs.) grow a beard; (vergessen) leave [behind]; (sich abwenden von)

    jemanden stehen lassen — (sich von jemandem abwenden) walk off and leave somebody standing there

    6) (geschrieben, gedruckt sein) be

    in der Zeitung steht, dass... — it says in the paper that...

    7) (Sprachw.): (gebraucht werden) <subjunctive etc.> occur; be found

    mit dem Dativ stehen — be followed by or take the dative

    8)

    zu jemandem/etwas stehen — stand by somebody/something

    hinter jemandem/etwas stehen — (jemanden unterstützen) be [right] behind somebody/something; support somebody/something

    9)

    jemandem [gut] stehen — <dress etc.> suit somebody [well]

    Lächeln steht dir gut — (fig.) it suits you or you look nice when you smile

    mit jemandem gut/schlecht stehen — be on good/bad terms or get on well/badly with somebody

    11)

    auf etwas (Akk.) steht Gefängnis — something is punishable by imprisonment

    2.
    unregelmäßiges reflexives Verb; südd., österr., schweiz. mit sein (ugs.)

    sich gut/schlecht stehen — be comfortably/badly off

    sich gut/schlecht mit jemandem stehen — be on good/bad terms or get on well/badly with somebody

    * * *
    v.
    (§ p.,pp.: stand, gestanden)
    = to become v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: became, become)
    to stand v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: stood)

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > stehen

  • 16 HÁR

    * * *
    I)
    (há, hátt), a.
    1) high; á háfum fjöllum, in high mountains; hæri en, higher than;
    2) tall (hár maðr vexti);
    3) superl. at the highest pitch; meðan hæst væri vetrar, sumars, in the depth of winter, in the height of summer;
    4) high, glorious; hæstu hátíðir, the highest feasts;
    5) loud (hár brestr); mæla hátt, to speak loud; hón verðr há við, she becomes clamorous or excited.
    (gen. hás, pl. háir), m. thole.
    n. hair (jarpr á hár).
    * * *
    1.
    adj., fem. há, neut. hátt, vide Gramm. p. xix; compar. hæri or hærri, superl. hæstr; hæðstr and hærstr, which are found in old printed books, are bad forms; for the inflexions, (which vary much, sometimes inserting f or v, sometimes not,) see the references below; in mod. usage the v is usually dropped, but the cases are bisyllabic, e. g. háir, háar, háa, háum, instead of the old hávir, hávar, háva, háfum or hám; the definite form in old writers is hávi or háfi, in mod. hái: [Ulf. hauhs = ὑψηλός; A. S. heah; Engl. high; O. H. G. hoh; Hel. hoh; Germ. hoch; old Frank, hag or hach; Swed. hög; Dan. höj; all of them with a final guttural, which in mod. Dan. has been changed into j; the final labial f or v, which in olden times was so freq. before a vowel, may be compared to laugh, rough, etc. in mod. Engl.; the g remains in the cognate word haugr]:—high; stiga sex álna háfan, Vm. 129; í hám fjalla-tindum, Edda 144 (pref.); á háfum fjöllum, Skálda 181; há fjöll, Getsp.; á hám gálga, Fsm. 45; á bekk hám, Akv. 2; hár bylgjur, Edda (Ht.); á borg inni há, Am. 18; á há fjalli, Gm. 17, Bs. i. 26 (in a verse); enar hæstu fjalla hæðir, Stj. 59; hár turn, Hkr. iii. 63; skaptið var eigi hæra, en …, Eg. 285 (of a spear); hátt hlaup, a high leap, i. e. from a high place, Fms. i. 166; hæri en grön er vex á hæsta fjalli, Hom. 152; hávar bárur, Gh. 13: hávar unnir, Skv. 2. 16; háfan garð, Fms. vi. (in a verse); hávu grasi, Hm. 120; but há grasi. Gm. 17; upp-háfa skúa, high boots, Fms. vii. 321: phrases, bera hæra skjöld, hlut, to carry the highest shield, lot, Fas. i. 383, Ld. 322.
    2. tall; hárr maðr vexti ( tall of stature), manna hæstr, very tall, Fms. i. 155; hárr maðr ok harðvaxinn, vii. 321.
    3. a metrical term; syllables in rhyme having the same consonants and quantity of vowels are jafn-háfar, in the same strain; kvattú svá? ‘gröm skömm’ eigi eru þær hendingar jafn háfar; ‘hrömm skömm’ þat væri jafnhátt, Fms. vi. 386.
    II. metaph. high, sublime, glorious; hærri tign, Fms. i. 214; enir hæstu Guðs postular, 625. 82; í hærra haldi, Fms. vii. 112; margar ræður þvílíkar eða enn hæri, or still sublimer, Sks. 635; hljóta háfan sigr, a glorious victory, Merl. 2. 69; háfan ávöxt, Mar. kv. 17; hæstu daga, hæstu hátíðir, the highest days or feasts (hátíð), Fms. x. 22.
    2. at the highest pitch; meðan hæstir eru stormar um vetrinn, Sks. 46; at hann væri kyrr meðan hæst væri vetrar, in the depth of winter, Fms. ix. 480; meðan hæst væri sumars, in the height of summer, Lv. 43; hátt vetrar megin, Sks.; cp. há-degi, há-vetr, há-sumar (below).
    3. loud; blása hátt (a trumpet), Vsp. 47; brestr hár, Fms. xi. 10, Glúm. 375; mæla hátt, to speak loud, Nj. 33; ok söng í hátt, it gave a loud sound, 83; kveða við hátt ok öskurliga, Fms. v. 164; þó þetta væri eigi hátt talat í fyrstu, ix. 250; æpa hátt, Sks. 653; hafa hátt, to make a noise; cp. gráta hástöfum (below), há-vaði (below); hón verðr há við, she became clamorous, excited, Ísl. ii. 350; hlæja hátt, to laugh loud, Skv. 2. 15.
    III. a mythol. pr. name, both Hár and Hávi, Edda; Hávi and Hár are names of Odin the High, whence Háva-mál, n. pl. the name of a poem, the Sayings of the High.
    2. prefixed in the pr. names Há-kon, Há-leygr, Há-rekr, Há-mundr, Há-steinn, Há-varðr, Há-varr; and in local names, Háfa-fell, etc.
    IV. neut. as adverb; geisa hátt, Edda 146 (pref.); skín hann nú því hærra, Fms. v. 241; unna e-m hærra en öðrum, to love one higher (more) than another, Sturl. i. 198; taka e-n hátt, to make much of one, Bs. i. 727; stökkva hátt, to make a high leap, look high, Fær. 57; sitja skör hærra en aðrir, a step higher, Fms. i. 7.
    B. COMPDS: háaltari, hábakki, hábakkaflæðr, hábeinn, hábjarg, hábogaðr, háborð, hábrók, hábrókan, hábrókask, hádegi, hádegisskeið, háeyrr, háfeti, háfjall, háflæðr, háfæta, háfættr, háhestr, hákirkja, háleggr, háleikr, háleitliga, háleitligr, háleitr, háliga, háligr, hálimar, hámessa, hámessumál, hámælgi, hámæli, hámæltr, hánefjaðr, hánefr, hápallr, háreysti, háreystr, hásalir, hásegl, háseymdr, háskeptr, háskóli, hástaðr, hástafir, hásteint, hástigi, hásumar, hásumartími, hásæti, hásætisborð, hásætiskista, hásætismaðr, hásætisstóll, hátalaðr, hátimbra, hátíð, hátíðaraptan, hátíðardagr, hátíðarhald, hátíðisdagr, hátíðiskveld, hátíðliga, hátíðligr, hávaði, hávaðamaðr, hávaðamikill, hávaðasamr, hávarr, háværr, háværð, hávegir, hávella, hávetr, hávetri.
    2.
    mod. háfr, m. [Germ. hai], a dog-fish, squalus acanthius, Skálda 162. In compds há- marks fish of the shark kind, as há-karl (q. v.), a shark, carcharias, Ann.: há-kerling, f. = hákarl: há-meri, f. squalus glaucus: há-mús, f. chimaera monstrosa, Linn.; also called geirnyt, Eggert Itin. 360: há-skerðingr, m. = hákarl, Edda (Gl.), Grág. ii. 337, 359, Pm. 69: háskerðinga-lýsi, n. shark’s oil, H. E. i. 395: háfs-roð, n. shark’s skin, shagreen.
    3.
    m., acc. há, pl. háir, a thole, Am. 35, Grett. 125, Fas. i. 215, Þiðr. 313; whence há-benda, u, f. = hamla, q. v.; há-borur, f. pl., q. v.; há-reiðar, f. pl. rowlocks, prop. ‘thole-gear,’ synonymous with hamla; inn féll (sjór) um söxin ok háreiðarnar, Sturl. iii. 66, (Cd. Brit. Mus., Cd. Arna-Magn. háborurnar); leggja árar í háreiðar, to lay the oars in the rowlocks, Fms. xi. 70 (v. 1. to hömlur), 101, x. 285; lágu þar árar í háreiðum, Eg. 360 (v. l. to hömlu-böndum), Lex. Poët.: há-seti, a, m. a ‘ thole-sitter,’ oarsman, opp. to the captain or helmsman, Grág. i. 90, N. G. L. i. 98, Landn. 44, Fbr. 62 new Ed., Fms. vi. 239, 246: há-stokkar, m. pl. the gunwale, Bs. i. 385, 390.
    β. in poetry a ship is called há-dýr, n., há-sleipnir, m. the horse of rowlocks.
    4.
    n. [A. S. hær; Engl. hair; Germ. har; Dan.-Swed. hår; Lat. caesaries]:— hair, including both Lat. crines and capilli, Skálda 162, Nj. 2, Sks. 288; fara ór hárum, to change the hair, of beasts, passim; eitt hár hvítt eðr svart, Matth. v. 36; höfuð-hár, the hair of the head; lík-hár, the hair on the body, breast, or hands of men, opp. to the head; úlfalda-hár, iii. 4; hross-hár, horse-hair; hunds-hár, kattar-hár.
    COMPDS: háralag, hárslitr.
    ☞ For the hair of women, see Nj. ch. 1, 78, 117, Landn. 2, ch. 30, Edda 21, passim; of men, Nj. ch. 121, Ld. ch. 63, and passim.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > HÁR

  • 17 модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

    1. modular data center

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
    -
    [Интент]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

  • 18 AT

    I) prep.
    A. with dative.
    I. Of motion;
    1) towards, against;
    Otkell laut at Skamkatli, bowed down to S.;
    hann sneri egginni at Ásgrími, turned the edge against A.;
    Brynjólfr gengr alit at honum, quite up to him;
    þeir kómust aldri at honum, they could never get near him, to close quarters with him;
    3) to, at;
    koma at landi, to come to land;
    ganga at dómi, to go into court;
    4) along (= eptir);
    ganga at stræti, to walk along the street;
    dreki er niðr fór at ánni (went down the river) fyrir strauminum;
    refr dró hörpu at ísi, on the ice;
    5) denoting hostility;
    renna (sœkja) at e-m, to rush at, assault;
    gerði þá at þeim þoku mikla, they were overtaken by a thick fog;
    6) around;
    vefja motri at höfði sér, to wrap a veil round one’s head;
    bera grjót at e-m, to heap stones upon the body;
    7) denoting business, engagement;
    ríða at hrossum, at sauðum, to go looking after horses, watching sheep;
    fara at landskuldum, to go collecting rents.
    II. Of position, &c.;
    1) denoting presence at, near, by, upon;
    at kirkju, at church;
    at dómi, in court;
    at lögbergi, at the hill of laws;
    2) denoting participation in;
    vera at veizlu, brullaupi, to be at a banquet, wedding;
    3) ellipt., vera at, to be about, to be busy at;
    kvalararnir, er at vóru at pína hann, who were tormenting him;
    var þar at kona nökkur at binda (was there busy dressing) sár manna;
    4) with proper names of places (farms);
    konungr at Danmörku ok Noregi, king of;
    biskup at Hólum, bishop of Holar;
    at Helgafelli, at Bergþórshváli;
    5) used ellipt. with a genitive, at (a person’s) house;
    at hans (at his house) gisti fjölmenni mikit;
    at Marðar, at Mara’s home;
    at hins beilaga Ólafs konungs, at St. Olave’s church;
    at Ránar, at Ran’s (abode).
    III. Of time;
    1) at, in;
    at upphafi, at first, in the beginning;
    at skilnaði, at parting, when they parted;
    at páskum, at Easter;
    at kveldi, at eventide;
    at fjöru, at the ebb;
    at flœðum, at the floodtide;
    2) adding ‘komanda’ or ‘er kemr’;
    at ári komanda, next year;
    at vári, er kemr, next spring;
    generally with ‘komanda’ understood;
    at sumri, hausti, vetri, vári, next summer, &c.;
    3) used with an absolute dative and present or past part.;
    at sér lifanda, duing his lifetime;
    at öllum ásjándum, in the sight of all;
    at áheyranda höfðingjanum, in the hearing of the chief;
    at upprennandi sólu, at sunrise;
    at liðnum sex vikum, after six weeks are past;
    at honum önduðum, after his death;
    4) denoting uninterrupted succession, after;
    hverr at öðrum, annarr at öðrum, one after another;
    skildu menn at þessu, thereupon, after this;
    at því (thereafter) kómu aðrar meyjar.
    IV. fig. and in various uses;
    1) to, into, with the notion of destruction or change;
    brenna (borgina) at ösku, to burn to ashes;
    verða at ormi, to become a snake;
    2) for, as;
    gefa e-t at gjöf, as a present;
    eiga e-n at vin, to have one as friend;
    3) by;
    taka sverð at hjöltum, by the hilt;
    draga út björninn at hlustunum, by the ears;
    kjósa at afli, álitum, by strength, appearrance;
    auðigr at fé, wealthy in goods;
    vænn (fagr) at áliti, fair of face;
    5) as a law term, on the grounds of, by reason of;
    ryðja ( to challenge) dóm at mægðum, kvið at frændsemi;
    6) as a paraphrase of a genitive;
    faðir, móðir at barni (= barns, of a child);
    aðili at sök = aðili sakar;
    7) with adjectives denoting colour, size, age, of;
    hvítr, svartr, rauðr at lit, while, black, red of colour;
    mikill, lítill at stœrð, vexti, tall, small of stature;
    tvítugr at aldri, twenty years of age;
    kýr at fyrsta, öðrum kálfi, a cow that has calved once, twice;
    8) determining the source from which anything comes, of, from;
    Ari nam ok marga frœði at Þuríði (from her);
    þiggja, kaupa, geta, leigja e-t at e-m, to receive, buy, obtain, borrow a thing from one;
    hafa veg (virðing) styrk at e-m, to derive honour, power, from one;
    9) according, to, after (heygðr at fornum sið);
    at ráði allra vitrustu manna, by the advice of;
    at landslögum, by the law of the land;
    at leyfi e-s, by one’s leave;
    10) in adverbial phrases;
    gróa (vera grœddr) at heilu, to be quite healed;
    bíta af allt gras at snøggu, quite bare;
    at fullu, fully;
    at vísu, surely;
    at frjálsu, freely;
    at eilífu, for ever and ever;
    at röngu, at réttu, wrongly, rightly;
    at líku, at sömu, equally, all the same;
    at mun, at ráði, at marki, to a great extent.
    B. with acc., after, upon (= eptir);
    sonr á at taka arf at föður sinn, to take the inheritance after his father;
    at þat (= eptir þat), after that, thereafter;
    connected with a past part. or a., at Gamla fallinn, after the fall of Gamli;
    at Hrungni dauðan, upon the death of Hrungnir.
    1) as the simple mark of the infinitive, to;
    at ganga, at ríða, at hlaupa, to walk, to ride, to run;
    2) in an objective sense;
    hann bauð þeim at fara, sitja, he bade (ordered) them to go, sit;
    gefa e-m at eta, at drekka, to give one to eat, to drink;
    3) denoting design or purpose, in order to (hann gekk í borg at kaupa silfr).
    1) demonstrative particle before a comparative, the, all the, so much the;
    hón grét at meir, she wept the more;
    þykkir oss at líkara, all the more likely;
    þú ert maðr at verri (so much the worse), er þú hefir þetta mælt;
    2) rel. pron., who, which, that (= er);
    þeir allir, at þau tíðindi heyrðu, all those who heard;
    sem þeim er títt, at ( as is the custom of those who) kaupferðir reka.
    conj., that;
    1) introducing a subjective or objective clause;
    þat var einhverju sinni, at Höskuldr hafði vinaboð, it happened once that H.;
    vilda ek, at þú réðist austr í fjörðu, I should like you to go;
    2) relative to svá, denoting proportion, degree;
    svá mikill lagamaðr, at, so great a lawyer, that;
    3) with subj., denoting end or purpose, in order that (skáru þeir fyrir þá (viz. hestana) melinn, at þeir dœi eigi af sulti);
    4) since, because, as (= því at);
    5) connected with þó, því, svá;
    þó at (with subj.), though, although;
    því at, because, for;
    svá at, so that;
    6) temp., þá at (= þá er), when;
    þegar at (= þegar er), as soon as;
    þar til at (= þar til er), until, till;
    áðr at (= á. en), before;
    7) used superfluously after an int. pron. or adv.;
    Ólafr spurði, hvern styrk at hann mundi fá honum, what help he was likely to give him;
    in a relative sense; með fullkomnum ávexti, hverr at (which) þekkr ok þægiligr mun verða.
    V)
    negative verbal suffix, = ata; var-at, was not.
    odda at, Yggs at, battle.
    * * *
    1.
    and að, prep., often used ellipt. dropping the case and even merely as an adverb, [Lat. ad; Ulf. at = πρός and παρά, A. S. ät; Engl. at; Hel. ad = apud; O. H. G. az; lost in mod. Germ., and rare in Swed. and Dan.; in more freq. use in Engl. than any other kindred language, Icel. only excepted]:—the mod. pronunciation and spelling is að (aþ); this form is very old, and is found in Icel. vellum MSS. of the 12th century, e. g. aþ, 623. 60; yet in earlier times it was sounded with a tenuis, as we may infer from rhymes, e. g. jöfurr hyggi at | hve ek yrkja fat, Egill: Sighvat also makes it rhyme with a t. The verse by Thorodd—þar vastu at er fjáðr klæðið þvat (Skálda 162)—is hardly intelligible unless we accept the spelling with an aspirate (að), and say that þvað is = þvá = þváði, lavabat; it may be that by the time of Thorodd and Ari the pure old pronunciation was lost, or is ‘þvat’ simply the A. S. þvât, secuit? The Icelanders still, however, keep the tenuis in compounds before a vowel, or before h, v, or the liquids l, r, thus—atyrða, atorka, athöfn, athugi, athvarf, athlægi; atvinna, atvik; atlaga, atlíðanði ( slope), atriði, atreið, atróðr: but aðdjúpr, aðfinsla (critic), aðferð, aðkoma, aðsókn, aðsúgr (crowding), aðgæzla. In some words the pronunciation is irregular, e. g. atkvæði not aðkv-; atburðr, but aðbúnaðr; aðhjúkran not athjúkran; atgörvi not aðgörfi. At, to, towards; into; against; along, by; in regard to; after.
    Mostly with dat.; rarely with acc.; and sometimes ellipt.—by dropping the words ‘home,’ ‘house,’ or the like—with gen.
    WITH DAT.
    A. LOC.
    I. WITH MOTION; gener. the motion to the borders, limits of an object, and thus opp. to frá:
    1. towards, against, with or without the notion of arrival, esp. connected with verbs denoting motion (verba movendi et eundi), e. g. fara, ganga, koma, lúta, snúa, rétta at…; Otkell laut at Skamkatli, O. louted (i. e. bowed down) towards S., Nj. 77, Fms. xi. 102; sendimaðrinn sneri ( turned) hjöltum sverðsins at konungi, towards the king, i. 15; hann sneri egginni at Ásgrími, turned the edge towards A., Nj. 220; rétta e-t at e-m, to reach, hand over, Ld. 132; ganga at, to step towards, Ísl. ii. 259.
    2. denoting proximity, close up to, up to; Brynjólfr gengr … allt at honum, B. goes quite up to him, Nj. 58; Gunnarr kom þangat at þeim örunum, G. reached them even there with his arrows, 115; þeir kómust aldri at honum, they could never get near him, to close quarters, id.; reið maðr at þeim (up to them), 274; þeir höfðu rakit sporin allt at ( right up to) gammanum, Fms. i. 9; komu þeir at sjó fram, came down to the sea, Bárð. 180.
    3. without reference to the space traversed, to or at; koma at landi, to land, Ld. 38, Fms. viii. 358; ríða at dyrum, Boll. 344; hlaupa at e-m, to run up to, run at, Fms. vii. 218, viii. 358; af sjáfarganginum er hann gekk at landinu, of the surf dashing against the shore, xi. 6; vísa ólmum hundi at manni, to set a fierce hound at a man, Grág. ii. 118; leggja e-n at velli, to lay low, Eg. 426, Nj. 117; hníga at jörðu, at grasi, at moldu, to bite the dust, to die, Njarð. 378; ganga at dómi, a law term, to go into court, of a plaintiff, defendant, or bystander, Nj. 87 (freq.)
    4. denoting a motion along, into, upon; ganga at stræti, to walk along the street, Korm. 228, Fms. vii. 39; at ísi, on the ice, Skálda 198, Fms. vii. 19, 246, viii. 168, Eb. 112 new Ed. (á is perh. wrong); máttu menn ganga bar yfir at skipum einum, of ships alone used as a bridge, Fas. i. 378; at höfðum, at nám, to trample on the slain on the battle-field, Lex. Poët.; at ám, along the rivers; at merkiósum, at the river’s mouth, Grág. ii. 355; at endilöngu baki, all along its back, Sks. 100.
    5. denoting hostility, to rush at, assault; renna at, hlaupa at, ganga, fara, ríða, sækja, at e-m, (v. those words), whence the nouns atrenna, athlaup, atgangr, atför, atreið, atsókn, etc.
    β. metaph., kom at þeim svefnhöfgi, deep sleep fell on them, Nj. 104. Esp. of weather, in the impers. phrase, hríð, veðr, vind, storm görir at e-m, to be overtaken by a snow storm, gale, or the like; görði þá at þeim þoku mikla, they were overtaken by a thick fog, Bárð. 171.
    6. denoting around, of clothing or the like; bregða skikkju at höfði sér, to wrap his cloak over his head, Ld. 62; vefja motri at höfði sér, to wrap a snood round her head, 188; sauma at, to stick, cling close, as though sewn on; sauma at höndum sér, of tight gloves, Bs. i. 453; kyrtill svá þröngr sem saumaðr væri at honum, as though it were stitched to him, Nj. 214; vafit at vándum dreglum, tight laced with sorry tags, id.; hosa strengd fast at beini, of tight hose, Eg. 602; hann sveipar at sér iðrunum ok skyrtunni, he gathers up the entrails close to him and the skirt too, Gísl. 71; laz at síðu, a lace on the side, to keep the clothes tight, Eg. 602.
    β. of burying; bera grjót at einum, to heap stones upon the body, Eg. 719; var gör at þeim dys or grjóti, Ld. 152; gora kistu at líki, to make a coffin for a body, Eb. 264, Landn. 56, Ld. 142.
    γ. of summoning troops or followers; stefna at sér mönnum, to summon men to him, Nj. 104; stefna at sér liði, Eg. 270; kippa mönnum at sér, to gather men in haste, Ld. 64.
    7. denoting a business, engagement; ríða at hrossum, at sauðum, to go looking after after horses, watching sheep, Glúm. 362, Nj. 75; fara at fé, to go to seek for sheep, Ld. 240; fara at heyi, to go a-haymaking, Dropl. 10; at veiðum, a-hunting; at fuglum, a-fowling; at dýrum, a-sbooting; at fiski, a-fishing; at veiðiskap, Landn. 154, Orkn. 416 (in a verse), Nj. 25; fara at landskuldum, to go a-collecling rents, Eg. 516; at Finnkaupum, a-marketing with Finns, 41; at féföngum, a-plundering, Fms. vii. 78; ganga at beina, to wait on guests, Nj. 50; starfa at matseld, to serve at table, Eb. 266; hitta e-n at nauðsynjum, on matters of business; at máli, to speak with one, etc., Fms. xi. 101; rekast at e-m, to pursue one, ix. 404; ganga at liði sér, to go suing for help, Grág. ii. 384.
    β. of festivals; snúa, fá at blóti, veizlu, brullaupi, to prepare for a sacrificial banquet, wedding, or the like, hence at-fangadagr, Eb. 6, Ld. 70; koma at hendi, to happen, befall; ganga at sínu, to come by one’s own, to take it, Ld. 208; Egill drakk hvert full er at honum kom, drained every horn that came to him, Eg. 210; komast at keyptu, to purchase dearly, Húv. 46.
    8. denoting imaginary motion, esp. of places, cp. Lat. spectare, vergere ad…, to look or lie towards; horfði botninn at höfðanum, the bight of the bay looked toward the headland, Fms. i. 340, Landn. 35; also, skeiðgata liggr at læknum, leads to the brook, Ísl. ii. 339; á þann arminn er vissi at sjánum, on that wing which looked toward the sea, Fms. viii. 115; sár þau er horft höfðu at Knúti konungi, xi. 309.
    β. even connected with verbs denoting motion; Gilsáreyrr gengr austan at Fljótinu, G. extends, projects to F. from the east, Hrafh. 25; hjá sundi því, er at gengr þingstöðinni, Fms. xi. 85.
    II. WITHOUT MOTION; denoting presence at, near, by, at the side of, in, upon; connected with verbs like sitja, standa, vera…; at kirkju, at church, Fms. vii. 251, K. f). K. 16, Ld. 328, Ísl. ii. 270, Sks. 36; vera at skála, at húsi, to be in, at home, Landn. 154; at landi, Fms. i. 82; at skipi, on shipboard, Grág. i. 209, 215; at oldri, at a banquet, inter pocula; at áti, at dinner, at a feast, inter edendum, ii. 169, 170; at samförum ok samvistum, at public meetings, id.; at dómi, in a court; standa (to take one’s stand) norðan, sunnan, austan, vestan at dómi, freq. in the proceedings at trials in lawsuits, Nj.; at þingi, present at the parliament, Grág. i. 142; at lögbergi, o n the hill of laws, 17, Nj.; at baki e-m, at the back of.
    2. denoting presence, partaking in; sitja at mat, to sit at meat, Fms. i. 241; vera at veizlu, brullaupi, to be at a banquet, nuptials, Nj. 51, Ld. 70: a law term, vera at vígi, to be an accessory in manslaying, Nj. 89, 100; vera at e-u simply means to be about, be busy in, Fms. iv. 237; standa at máli, to stand by one in a case, Grág. ii. 165, Nj. 214; vera at fóstri, to be fostered, Fms. i. 2; sitja at hégóma, to listen to nonsense, Ld. 322; vera at smíð, to be at one’s work, Þórð. 62: now absol., vera at, to go on with, be busy at.
    3. the law term vinna eið at e-u has a double meaning:
    α. vinna eið at bók, at baugi, to make an oath upon the book by laying the band upon it, Landn. 258, Grág., Nj.; cp. Vkv. 31, Gkv. 3. 3, Hkv. 2. 29, etc.: ‘við’ is now used in this sense.
    β. to confirm a fact (or the like) by an oath, to swear to, Grág. i. 9, 327.
    γ. the law phrase, nefna vátta at e-u, of summoning witnesses to a deed, fact, or the like; nefna vátta at benjum, to produce evidence, witnesses as to the wounds, Nj., Grág.; at görð, Eg. 738; at svörum, Grág. i. 19: this summoning of witnesses served in old lawsuits the same purpose as modern pleadings and depositions; every step in a suit to be lawful must be followed by such a summoning or declaration.
    4. used ellipt., vera at, to be about, to be busy at; kvalararnir er at vóru at pína hann, who were tormenting him; þar varstu at, you were there present, Skálda 162; at várum þar, Gísl. (in a verse): as a law term ‘vera at’ means to be guilty, Glúm. 388; vartattu at þar, Eg. (in a verse); hence the ambiguity of Glum’s oath, vask at þar, I was there present: var þar at kona nokkur ( was there busy) at binda sár manna, Fms. v. 91; hann var at ok smíðaði skot, Rd. 313; voru Varbelgir at ( about) at taka af, þau lög …, Fms. ix. 512; ek var at ok vafk, I was about weaving, xi. 49; þeir höfðu verit at þrjú sumur, they had been busy at it for three summers, x. 186 (now very freq.); koma at, come in, to arrive unexpectedly; Gunnarr kom at í því, G. came in at that moment; hvaðan komtú nú at, whence did you come? Nj. 68, Fms. iii. 200.
    5. denoting the kingdom or residence of a king or princely person; konungr at Danmörk ok Noregi, king of…, Fms. i. 119, xi. 281; konungr, jarl, at öllum Noregi, king, earl, over all N., íb. 3, 13, Landn. 25; konungr at Dyflinni, king of Dublin, 25; but í or yfir England!, Eg. 263: cp. the phrase, sitja at landi, to reside, of a king when at home, Hkr. i. 34; at Joini, Fms. xi. 74: used of a bishop; biskup at Hólum, bishop of Hólar, Íb. 18, 19; but biskup í Skálaholti, 19: at Rómi, at Rome, Fbr. 198.
    6. in denoting a man’s abode (vide p. 5, col. 1, l. 27), the prep. ‘at’ is used where the local name implies the notion of by the side of, and is therefore esp. applied to words denoting a river, brook, rock, mountain, grove, or the like, and in some other instances, by, at, e. g. at Hofi (a temple), Landn. 198; at Borg ( a castle), 57; at Helgafelli (a mountain), Eb. constantly so; at Mosfelli, Landn. 190; at Hálsi (a hill), Fms. xi. 22; at Bjargi, Grett. 90; Hálsum, Landn. 143; at Á ( river), 296, 268; at Bægisá, 212; Giljá, 332; Myrká, 211; Vatnsá, id.; þverá, Glúm. 323; at Fossi (a ‘force’ or waterfall), Landn. 73; at Lækjamoti (waters-meeting), 332; at Hlíðarenda ( end of the lithe or hill), at Bergþórshváli, Nj.; at Lundi (a grove), at Melum (sandhill), Landn. 70: the prep. ‘á’ is now used in most of these cases, e. g. á Á, á Hofi, Helgafelli, Felli, Hálsi, etc.
    β. particularly, and without any regard to etymology, used of the abode of kings or princes, to reside at; at Uppsölum, at Haugi, Alreksstöðum, at Hlöðum, Landn., Fms.
    γ. konungr lét kalla at stofudyrum, the king made a call at the hall door, Eg. 88; þeir kölluðu at herberginu, they called at the inn, Fms. ix. 475.
    7. used ellipt. with a gen., esp. if connected with such words as gista, to be a guest, lodge, dine, sup (of festivals or the like) at one’s home; at Marðar, Nj. 4; at hans, 74; þingfesti at þess bóanda, Grág. i. 152; at sín, at one’s own home, Eg. 371, K. Þ. K. 62; hafa náttstað at Freyju, at the abode of goddess Freyja, Eg. 603; at Ránar, at Ran’s, i. e. at Ran’s house, of drowned men who belong to the queen of the sea, Ran, Eb. 274; at hins heilaga Ólafs konungs, at St. Olave’s church, Fms. vi. 63: cp. ad Veneris, εις Κίμωνος.
    B. TEMP.
    I. at, denoting a point or period of time; at upphafi, at first, in the beginning, Ld. 104; at lyktum, at síðustu, at lokum, at last; at lesti, at last, Lex. Poët., more freq. á lesti; at skilnaði, at parting, at last, Band. 3; at fornu, in times of yore, formerly, Eg. 267, D. I. i. 635; at sinni, as yet, at present; at nýju, anew, of present time; at eilífu, for ever and ever; at skömmu, soon, shortly, Ísl. ii. 272, v. l.
    II. of the very moment when anything happens, the beginning of a term; denoting the seasons of the year, months, weeks, the hours of the day; at Jólum, at Yule, Nj. 46; at Pálmadegi, on Palm Sunday, 273; at Páskum, at Easter; at Ólafsvöku, on St. Olave’s eve, 29th of July, Fms.; at vetri, at the beginning of the winter, on the day when winter sets in, Grág. 1. 151; at sumarmálum, at vetrnáttum; at Tvímánaði, when the Double month (August) begins, Ld. 256, Grág. i. 152; at kveldi, at eventide, Eg. 3; at því meli, at that time; at eindaga, at the term, 395; at eykð, at 4 o’clock p. m., 198; at öndverðri æfi Abra hams, Ver. II; at sinni, now at once, Fms. vi. 71; at öðruhverju, every now and then.
    β. where the point of time is marked by some event; at þingi, at the meeting of parliament (18th to the 24th of June), Ld. 182; at féránsdómi, at the court of execution, Grág. i. 132, 133; at þinglausnum, at the close of the parliament (beginning of July), 140; at festarmálum, eðr at eiginorði, at betrothal or nuptials, 174; at skilnaði, when they parted, Nj. 106 (above); at öllum minnum, at the general drinking of the toasts, Eg. 253; at fjöru, at the ebb; at flæðum, at flood tide, Fms. viii. 306, Orkn. 428; at hrörum, at an inquest, Grág. i. 50 (cp. ii. 141, 389); at sökum, at prosecutions, 30; at sinni, now, as yet, v. that word.
    III. ellipt., or adding ‘komanda’ or ‘er kemr,’ of the future time:
    1. ellipt., komanda or the like being understood, with reference to the seasons of the year; at sumri, at vetri, at hausti, at vári, next summer, winter…, Ísl. ii. 242; at miðju sumri, at ári, at Midsummer, next year, Fas. i. 516; at miðjum vetri, Fms. iv. 237,
    2. adding ‘komanda’ or ‘er kemr;’ at ári komanda, Bárð. 177; at vári er kemr, Dipl. iii. 6.
    IV. used with an absolute dat. and with a pres. part.:
    1. with pres. part.; at morni komanda, on the coming morrow, Fms. i. 263; at sér lifanda, in vivo, in his life time, Grág. ii. 202; at þeim sofundum, illis dormientibus, Hkr. i. 234; at öllum ásjándum, in the sight of all, Fms. x. 329; at úvitanda konungi, illo nesciente, without his knowledge, 227; at áheyranda höfðingjanum, in the chief’s bearing, 235.
    2. of past time with a past part. (Lat. abl. absol.); at hræjum fundnum, on the bodies being found, Grág. ii. 87; at háðum dómum ok föstu þingi, during the session, the courts being set, i. 484; at liðnum sex vikum, after six weeks past, Band. 13; at svá búnu, so goru, svá komnu, svá mæltu (Lat. quibus rebus gestis, dictis, quo facto, dicto, etc.), v. those words; at úreyndu, without trial, without put ting one to the test, Ld. 76; at honum önduðum, illo mortuo.
    3. ellipt. without ‘at;’ en þessum hlutum fram komnum, when all this has been done, Eb. 132.
    V. in some phrases with a slight temp, notion; at görðum gildum, the fences being strong, Gþl. 387; at vörmu spori, at once, whilst the trail is warm; at úvörum, unawares, suddenly, Nj. 95, Ld. 132; at þessu, at this cost, on that condition, Eb. 38, Nj. 55; at illum leiki, to have a narrow escape, now við illan leik, Fms. ix. 473; at því, that granted, Grág. ii. 33: at því, at pessu, thereafter, thereupon, Nj. 76.
    2. denoting succession, without interruption, one after another; hverr at öðrum, annarr maðr at öðrum, aðrir at öðrum; eina konu at annarri, Eg. 91, Fms. ii. 236, vi. 25, Bs. i. 22, 625. 80, H. E. i. 522.
    C. METAPH. and in various cases:
    I. denoting a transformation or change into, to, with the notion of destruction; brenna at ösku, at köldum kolum, to burn to ashes, to be quite destroyed, Fms. i. 105, Edda 3, Sturl. ii. 51: with the notion of transformation or transfiguration, in such phrases as, verða at e-u, göra e-t at e-u, to turn it into:
    α. by a spell; verða at ormi, to become a snake, Fms. xi. 158; at flugdrekum, Gullþ. 7; urðu þau bönd at járni, Edda 40.
    β. by a natural process it can often be translated by an acc. or by as; göra e-n at urðarmanni, to make him an outlaw, Eg. 728; græða e-n at orkumlamanni, to heal him so as to maim him for life, of bad treatment by a leech, Eb. 244: in the law terms, sár görist at ben, a wound turning into a ben, proving to be mortal, Grág., Nj.; verða at ljúgvætti, to prove to be a false evidence, Grág. i. 44; verða at sætt, to turn into reconciliation, Fms. i. 13; göra e-t at reiði málum, to take offence at, Fs. 20; at nýjum tíðindum, to tell as news, Nj. 14; verða fátt at orðum, to be sparing of words, 18; kveðr (svá) at orði, to speak, utter, 10; verða at þrifnaði, to geton well, Fms. vii. 196: at liði, at skaða, to be a help or hurt to one; at bana, to cause one’s death, Nj. 223, Eg. 21, Grág. ii. 29: at undrum, at hlátri, to become a wonder, a laughing-stock, 623. 35, Eg. 553.
    II. denoting capacity, where it may be translated merely by as or for; gefa at Jólagjöf, to give for a Christmas-box, Eg. 516; at gjöf, for a present; at erfð, at láni, launum, as an inheritance, a loan; at kaupum ok sökum, for buying and selling, Ísl. ii. 223, Grág. i. 423; at solum, ii. 204; at herfangi, as spoil or plunder; at sakbótum, at niðgjöldum, as a compensation, weregeld, i. 339, ii. 171, Hkr. ii. 168; taka at gíslingu, to take as an hostage, Edda 15; eiga e-n at vin, at óvin, to have one as friend or foe, illt er at eiga þræl at eingavin, ‘tis ill to have a thrall for one’s bosom friend (a proverb), Nj. 77; fæða, eiga, at sonum (syni), to beget a son, Edda 8, Bs. i. 60 (but eiga at dóttur cannot be said); hafa möttul at yfirhöfn, Fms. vii. 201; verða nökkut at manni (mönnum), to turn out to be a worthy man; verða ekki at manni, to turn out a worthless person, xi. 79, 268.
    2. in such phrases as, verða at orðum, to come towards, Nj. 26; var þat at erindum, Eg. 148; hafa at veizlum, to draw veizlur ( dues) from, Fms. iv. 275, Eg. 647; gora e-t at álitum, to take it into consideration, Nj. 3.
    III. denoting belonging to, fitting, of parts of the whole or the like; vóru at honum (viz. the sword) hjölt gullbúin, the sword was ornamented with a hilt of gold, Ld. 330; umgörð at ( belonging to) sverði, Fs. 97 (Hs.) in a verse; en ef mór er eigi at landinu, if there be no turf moor belonging to the land, Grág. ii. 338; svá at eigi brotnaði nokkuð at Orminum, so that no harm happened to the ship Worm, Fms. x. 356; hvatki er meiðir at skipinu eðr at reiðinu eðr at viðum, damage done t o …, Grág. ii. 403; lesta ( to injure) hús at lásum, við eðr torfi, 110; ef land hefir batnað at húsum, if the land has been bettered as to its buildings, 210; cp. the phrase, göra at e-u, to repair: hamlaðr at höndum eðr fótum, maimed as to hands or feet, Eg. 14; heill at höndum en hrumr at fótum, sound in band, palsied in foot, Fms. vii. 12; lykill at skrá, a key belonging, fitting, to the latch; hurð at húsi; a key ‘gengr at’ ( fits) skrá; and many other phrases. 2. denoting the part by which a thing is held or to which it belongs, by; fá, taka at…, to grasp by …; þú tókt við sverði hans at hjöltunum, you took it by the bill, Fms. i. 15; draga út björninn at hlustum, to pull out the bear by the ears, Fas. ii. 237; at fótum, by the feet, Fms. viii. 363; mæla ( to measure) at hrygg ok at jaðri, by the edge or middle of the stuff, Grág. i. 498; kasta e-m at höfði, head foremost, Nj. 84; kjósa e-n at fótum, by the feet alone, Edda 46; hefja frændsemi at bræðrum, eða at systkynum, to reckon kinship by the brother’s or the sister’s side, Grág. i. 28; kjósa at afli, at álitum, by strength, sight, Gs. 8, belongs rather to the following.
    IV. in respect of, as regards, in regard to, as to; auðigr at fé, wealthy of goods, Nj. 16, 30, 51; beztir hestar at reið, the best racehorses, 186; spekingr at viti, a man of great intellect, Ld. 124; vænn (fagr) at áliti, fair of face, Nj. 30, Bs. i. 61; kvenna vænst at ásjónu ok vits munum, of surpassing beauty and intellect, Ld. 122; fullkominn at hyggju, 18; um fram aðra menn at vinsældum ok harðfengi, of surpassing popularity and hardihood, Eb. 30.
    2. a law term, of challenging jurors, judges, or the like, on account of, by reason of; ryðja ( to challenge) at mægðum, guðsifjum, frændsemi, hrörum …; at leiðarlengd, on account of distance, Grág. i. 30, 50, Nj. (freq.)
    3. in arithm. denoting proportion; at helmingi, þriðjungi, fjórðungi, tíunda hluta, cp. Lat. ex asse, quadrante, for the half, third… part; máttr skal at magni (a proverb), might and main go together, Hkr. ii. 236; þú munt vera at því mikill fræðimaðr á kvæði, in the same proportion, as great, Fms. vi. 391, iii. 41; at e-s hluta, at… leiti, for one’s part, in turn, as far as one is con cerned, Grág. i. 322, Eg. 309, Fms. iii. 26 (freq.): at öðrum kosti, in the other case, otherwise (freq.) More gener., at öllu, öngu, in all (no) respects; at sumu, einhverju, nokkru, partly; at flestu, mestu, chiefly.
    4. as a paraphrase of a genitive; faðir, móðir at barni (= barns); aðili at sök (= sakar a.); morðingi at barni (= barns), faðerni at barni (barns); illvirki at fé manna (cp. Lat. felo de se), niðrfall at sökum (saka), land gangr at fiskum (fiska), Fms. iv. 274, Grág. i. 277, 416, N. G. L. i. 340, K. Þ. K. 112, Nj. 21.
    5. the phrase ‘at sér,’ of himself or in himself, either ellipt. or by adding the participle görr, and with the adverbs vel, ilia, or the like; denoting breeding, bearing, endowments, character …; væn kona, kurteis ok vel at sér, an accomplished, well-bred, gifted lady, Nj. I; vitr maðr ok vel at sér, a wise man and thoroughly good in feeling and bearing, 5; þú ert maðr vaskr ok vel at þér, 49; gerr at sér, accomplished, 51; bezt at sér görr, the finest, best bred man, 39, Ld. 124; en þó er hann svá vel at sér, so generous, Nj. 77; þeir höfðingjar er svá vóru vel at sér, so noble-minded, 198, Fms. i. 160: the phrase ‘at sér’ is now only used of knowledge, thus maðr vel að sér means clever, a man of great knowledge; illa að sér, a blockhead.
    6. denoting relations to colour, size, value, age, and the like; hvitr, svartr, grár, rauðr … at lit, white, swarthy, gray, red … of colour, Bjarn. 55, 28, Ísl. ii. 213, etc.; mikill, lítill, at stærð, vexti, tall, small of size, etc.; ungr, gamall, barn, at aldri, young, old, a child of age; tvítugr, þrítugr … at aldri, twenty, thirty … years of age (freq.): of animals; kyr at fyrsta, öðrum … kálfi, a cow having calved once, twice…, Jb. 346: value, amount, currency of money, kaupa e-t at mörk, at a mark, N. G. L. 1. 352; ok er eyririnn at mörk, amounts to a mark, of the value of money, Grág. i. 392; verðr þá at hálfri murk vaðmála eyrir, amounts to a half a mark, 500.
    β. metaph. of value, connected with verbs denoting to esteem, hold; meta, hafa, halda at miklu, litlu, vettugi, engu, or the like, to hold in high or low esteem, to care or not to care for (freq.): geta e-s at góðu, illu, öngu, to mention one favourably, unfavourably, indifferently … (freq.), prop. in connection with. In many cases it may be translated by in; ekki er mark at draumum, there is no meaning in dreams, no heed is to be paid to dreams, Sturl. ii. 217; bragð er at þá barnið finnr, it goes too far, when even a child takes offence (a proverb): hvat er at því, what does it mean? Nj. 11; hvert þat skip er vöxtr er at, any ship of mark, i. e. however small, Fms. xi. 20.
    V. denoting the source of a thing:
    1. source of infor mation, to learn, perceive, get information from; Ari nam ok marga fræði at Þuríði, learnt as her pupil, at her hands, as St. Paul at the feet of Gamaliel, (just as the Scotch say to speer or ask at a person); Ari nam at Þorgeiri afraðskoll, Hkr. (pref.); nema kunnáttu at e-m, used of a pupil, Fms. i. 8; nema fræði at e-m, xi. 396.
    2. of receiving, acquiring, buying, from; þiggja e-t at e-m, to receive a thing at his hands, Nj. 51; líf, to be pardoned, Fms. x. 173; kaupa land at e-m, to buy it from, Landn. 72, Íb. II, (now af is more freq. in this sense); geta e-t at e-m, to obtain, procure at one’s hands, impetrare; þeirra manna er þeir megu þat geta at, who are willing to do that, Grág. i. I; heimta e-t at e-m (now af), to call in, demand (a debt, money), 279; fala e-t at e-m (now af), to chaffer for or cheapen anything, Nj. 73; sækja e-t at e-m, to ask, seek for; sækja heilræði ok traust at e-m, 98; leiga e-t at e-m (now af), to borrow, Grág. ii. 334; eiga e-t (fé, skuld) at e-m, to be owed money by any one, i. 399: metaph. to deserve of one, Nj. 113; eiga mikit at e-m, to have much to do with, 138; hafa veg, virðing, styrk, at, to derive honour, power from, Fms. vi. 71, Eg. 44, Bárð. 174; gagn, to be of use, Ld. 216; mein, tálma, mischief, disadvantage, 158, 216, cp. Eg. 546; ótta, awe, Nj. 68.
    VI. denoting conformity, according to, Lat. secundum, ex, after; at fornum sið, Fms. i. 112; at sögn Ara prests, as Ari relates, on his authority, 55; at ráði allra vitrustu manna, at the advice of, Ísl. ii. 259, Ld. 62; at lögum, at landslögum, by the law of the land, Grág., Nj.; at líkindum, in all likelihood, Ld. 272; at sköpum, in due course (poet.); at hinum sama hætti, in the very same manner, Grág. i. 90; at vánum, as was to be expected, Nj. 255; at leyfi e-s, by one’s leave, Eg. 35; úlofi, Grág. ii. 215; at ósk, vilja e-s, as one likes…; at mun, id. (poet.); at sólu, happily (following the course of the sun), Bs. i. 70, 137; at því sem …, as to infer from …, Nj. 124: ‘fara, láta, ganga at’ denotes to yield, agree to, to comply with, give in, Ld. 168, Eg. 18, Fms. x. 368.
    VII. in phrases nearly or quite adverbial; gróa, vera græddr, at heilu, to be quite healed, Bárð. 167, Eb. 148; bíta at snöggu, to bite it bare, Fms. xi. 6; at þurru, till it becomes dry, Eb. 276; at endilöngu, all along, Fas. ii; vinnast at litlu, to avail little, 655 x. 14; at fullu, fully, Nj. 257, Hkr. i. 171; at vísu, of a surety, surely, Ld. 40; at frjálsu, freely, 308; at líku, at sömu, equally, all the same, Hom. 80, Nj. 267; at röngu, wrongly, 686 B. 2; at hófi, temperately, Lex. Poët.; at mun, at ráði, at marki, to a great extent; at hringum, utterly, all round, (rare), Fms. x. 389; at einu, yet, Orkn. 358; svá at einu, því at einu, allt at einu, yet, however, nevertheless.
    VIII. connected with comparatives of adverbs and adjectives, and strengthening the sense, as in Engl. ‘the,’ so much the more, all the more; ‘at’ heldr tveimr, at ek munda gjarna veita yðr öllum, where it may be translated by so much the more to two, as I would willingly grant it to all of you; hon grét at meir, she grat (wept) the more, Eg. 483; þykir oss at líkara, all the more likely, Fms. viii. 6; þess at harðari, all the harder, Sturl. iii. 202 C; svá at hinn sé bana at nær, Grág. ii. 117; at auðnara, at hólpnara, the more happy, Al. 19, Grett. 116 B; þess at meiri, Fms. v. 64; auvirðismaðr at meiri, Sturl. ii. 139; maðr at vaskari, id.; at feigri, any the more fey, Km. 22; maðr at verri, all the worse, Nj. 168; ok er ‘at’ firr…, at ek vil miklu heldr, cp. Lat. tantum abest… ut, Eg. 60.
    β. following after a negation; eigi at síðr, no less, Nj. 160, Ld. 146; eigi… at meiri maðr, any better, Eg. 425, 489; erat héra at borgnara, any the better off for that, Fms. vii. 116; eigi at minni, no less for that, Edda (pref.) 146; eigi at minna, Ld. 216, Fms. ix. 50; ekki at verri drengr, not a bit worse for that, Ld. 42; er mér ekki son minn at bættari, þótt…, 216; at eigi vissi at nær, any more, Fas. iii. 74.
    IX. following many words:
    1. verbs, esp. those denoting, a. to ask, enquire, attend, seek, e. g. spyrja at, to speer (ask) for; leita at, to seek for; gæta, geyma at, to pay attention to; huga, hyggja at; hence atspurn, to enquire, aðgæzla, athugi, attention, etc.
    β. verbs denoting laughter, play, joy, game, cp. the Engl. to play at …, to laugh at …; hlæja, brosa at e-u, to laugh, smile at it; leika (sér) at e-u, to play at; þykja gaman at, to enjoy; hæða, göra gys at …, to make sport at …
    γ. verbs denoting assistance, help; standa, veita, vinna, hjálpa at; hence atstoð, atvinna, atverk:—mode, proceeding; fara at, to proceed, hence atför and atferli:—compliance; láta, fara at e-u, v. above:— fault; e-t er at e-u, there is some fault in it, Fms. x. 418; skorta at e-u, to fall short of, xi. 98:—care, attendance; hjúkra at, hlýja at, v. these words:—gathering, collecting; draga, reiða, flytja, fá at, congerere:—engagement, arrival, etc.; sækja at, to attack; ganga at, vera at, to be about; koma at, ellipt. to arrive: göra at, to repair: lesta at, to impair (v. above); finna at, to criticise (mod.); telja at, id.: bera at, to happen; kveða at e-m, to address one, 625. 15, (kveða at (ellipt.) now means to pronounce, and of a child to utter (read) whole syllables); falla at, of the flood-tide (ellipt.): metaph. of pains or straits surrounding one; þreyngja, herða at, to press hard: of frost and cold, with regard to the seasons; frjósa at, kólna at, to get really cold (SI. 44), as it were from the cold stiffening all things: also of the seasons themselves; hausta, vetra að, when the season really sets in; esp. the cold seasons, ‘sumra at’ cannot be used, yet we may say ‘vára að’ when the spring sets in, and the air gets mild.
    δ. in numberless other cases which may partly be seen below.
    2. connected ellipt. with adverbs denoting motion from a place; norðan, austan, sunnan, vestan at, those from the north, east…; utan at, innan at, from the outside or inside.
    3. with adjectives (but rarely), e. g. kærr, elskr, virkr (affectionate), vandr (zealous), at e-m; v. these words.
    WITH ACC.
    TEMP.: Lat. post, after, upon, esp. freq. in poetry, but rare in prose writers, who use eptir; nema reisi niðr at nið (= maðr eptir mann), in succession, of erecting a monument, Hm. 71; in prose, at þat. posthac, deinde, Fms. x. 323, cp. Rm., where it occurs several times, 2, 6, 9, 14, 18, 24, 28, 30, 35; sonr á at taka arf at föður sinn, has to take the inheritance after his father, Grág. i. 170 new Ed.; eiga féránsdóm at e-n, Grág. i. 89; at Gamla fallinn, after the death of G., Fms. x. 382; in Edda (Gl.) 113 ought to be restored, grét ok at Oð, gulli Freyja, she grat (wept) tears of gold for her lost husband Od. It is doubtful if it is ever used in a purely loc. sense; at land, Grág. (Sb.)ii. 211, is probably corrupt; at hönd = á hönd, Grág. (Sb.) i. 135; at mót = at móti, v. this word.
    ☞ In compounds (v. below) at- or að- answers in turn to Lat. ad- or in- or con-; atdráttr e. g. denotes collecting; atkoma is adventus: it may also answer to Lat. ob-, in atburðr = accidence, but might also be compared with Lat. occurrere.
    2.
    and að, the mark of the infinitive [cp. Goth. du; A. S. and Engl. to; Germ. zu]. Except in the case of a few verbs ‘at’ is always placed immediately before the infinitive, so as to be almost an inseparable part of the verb.
    I. it is used either,
    1. as, a simple mark of the infinitive, only denoting an action and independent of the subject, e. g. at ganga, at hlaupa, at vita, to go, to run, to know; or,
    2. in an objective sense when following such verbs as bjóða segja…, to invite, command …; hann bauð þeim at ganga, at sitja, be bade, ordered them to go, sit, or the like; or as gefa and fá; gefa e-m at drekka, at eta, to give one to drink or to eat, etc. etc.
    β. with the additional notion of intention, esp. when following verba cogitandi; hann ætlaði, hafði í hyggju at fara, he had it in his mind to go (where ‘to go’ is the real object to ætlaði and hafði í hyggju).
    3. answering to the Gr. ινα, denoting intention, design, in order to; hann gékk í borg at kaupa silfr, in order to buy, Nj. 280; hann sendi riddara sína með þeim at varðveita þær, 623. 45: in order to make the phrase more plain, ‘svá’ and ‘til’ are frequently added, esp. in mod. writers, ‘svá at’ and contr. ‘svát’ (the last however is rare), ‘til at’ and ‘til þess at,’ etc.
    II. in the earlier times the infin., as in Greek and Lat., had no such mark; and some verbs remain that cannot be followed by ‘at;’ these verbs are almost the same in Icel. as in Engl.:
    α. the auxiliary verbs vil, mun ( μέλλω), skal; as in Engl. to is never used after the auxiliaries shall, will, must; ek vil ganga, I will go; ek mun fara, (as in North. E.) I mun go; ek skal göra þat, I shall do that, etc.
    β. the verbs kunna, mega, as in Engl. I can or may do, I dare say; svá hygginn at hann kunni fyrir sökum ráða, Grág. ii. 75; í öllu er prýða má góðan höfðingja, Nj. 90; vera má, it may be; vera kann þat, id.: kunnu, however, takes ‘at’ whenever it means to know, and esp. in common language in phrases such as, það kann að vera, but vera kann þat, v. above.
    γ. lata, biðja, as in Engl. to let, to bid; hann lét (bað) þá fara, he let (bade) them go.
    δ. þykkja, þykjast, to seem; hann þykir vera, he is thought to be: reflex., hann þykist vera, sibi videtur: impers., mér þykir vera, mibi videtur, in all cases without ‘at.’ So also freq. the verbs hugsa, hyggja, ætla, halda, to think, when denoting merely the act of thinking; but if there be any notion of intention or purpose, they assume the ‘at;’ thus hann ætlaði, hugði, þá vera góða menn, he thought them to be, acc. c. inf.; but ætlaði at fara, meant to go, etc.
    ε. the verbs denoting to see, bear; sjá, líta, horfa á … ( videre); heyra, audire, as in Engl. I saw them come, I heard him tell, ek sá þá koma, ek heyrði hann tala.
    ζ. sometimes after the verbs eiga and ganga; hann gékk steikja, be went to roast, Vkv. 9; eiga, esp. when a mere periphrasis instead of skal, móður sína á maðr fyrst fram færa (better at færa), Grág. i. 232; á þann kvið einskis meta, 59; but at meta, id. l. 24; ráða, nema, göra …, freq. in poetry, when they are used as simple auxiliary verbs, e. g. nam hann sér Högna hvetja at rúnum, Skv. 3. 43.
    η. hljóta and verða, when used in the sense of must (as in Engl. he must go), and when placed after the infin.of another verb; hér muntu vera hljóta, Nj. 129; but hljóta at vera: fara hlýtr þú, Fms. 1. 159; but þú hlýtr at fara: verða vita, ii. 146; but verða at vita: hann man verða sækja, þó verðr (= skal) maðr eptir mann lifa, Fms. viii. 19, Fas. ii. 552, are exceptional cases.
    θ. in poetry, verbs with the verbal neg. suffix ‘-at,’ freq. for the case of euphony, take no mark of the infinitive, where it would be indispensable with the simple verb, vide Lex. Poët. Exceptional cases; hvárt sem hann vill ‘at’ verja þá sök, eða, whatever he chooses, either, Grág. i. 64; fyrr viljum vér enga kórónu at bera, en nokkut ófrelsi á oss at taka, we would rather bear no crown than …, Fms. x. 12; the context is peculiar, and the ‘at’ purposely added. It may be left out ellipt.; e. g. þá er guð gefr oss finnast (= at finnast), Dipl. ii. 14; gef honum drekka (= at drekka), Pr. 470; but mostly in unclassical writers, in deeds, or the like, written nastily and in an abrupt style.
    3.
    and að, conj. [Goth. þatei = οτι; A. S. þät; Engl. that; Germ, dass; the Ormul. and Scot. at, see the quotations sub voce in Jamieson; in all South-Teutonic idioms with an initial dental: the Scandinavian idioms form an exception, having all dropped this consonant; Swed. åt, Dan. at]. In Icel. the Bible translation (of the 16th century) was chiefly based upon that of Luther; the hymns and the great bulk of theol. translations of that time were also derived from Germany; therefore the germanised form það frequently appears in the Bible, and was often employed by theol. authors in sermons since the time of the Reformation. Jón Vidalin, the greatest modern Icel. preacher, who died in 1720, in spite of his thoroughly classical style, abounds in the use of this form; but it never took root in the language, and has never passed into the spoken dialect. After a relative or demonstr. pronoun, it freq. in mod. writers assumes the form eð, hver eð, hverir eð, hvað eð, þar eð. Before the prep. þú (tu), þ changes into t, and is spelt in a single word attú, which is freq. in some MS.;—now, however, pronounced aððú, aððeir, aððið …, = að þú…, with the soft Engl. th sound. It gener. answers to Lat. ut, or to the relat. pron. qui.
    I. that, relative to svá, to denote proportion, degree, so…, that, Lat. tam, tantus, tot…, ut; svá mikill lagamaðr, at…, so great a lawyer, that…, Nj. 1; hárið svá mikit, at þat…, 2; svá kom um síðir því máli, at Sigvaldi, it came so far, that…, Fms. xi. 95, Edda 33. Rarely and unclass., ellipt. without svá; Bæringr var til seinn eptir honum, at hann … (= svá at), Bær. 15; hlífði honum, at hann sakaði ekki, Fas. iii. 441.
    II. it is used,
    1. with indic, in a narrative sense, answering partly to Gr. οτι, Lat. quod, ut, in such phrases as, it came to pass, happened that …; þat var einhverju sinni, at Höskuldr hafði vinaboð, Nj. 2; þat var á palmdrottinsdag, at Ólafr konungr gékk út um stræti, Fms. ii. 244.
    2. with subj. answering to Lat. acc. with infin., to mark the relation of an object to the chief verb, e. g. vilda ek at þú réðist, I wished that you would, Nj. 57.
    β. or in an oblique sentence, answering to ita ut…; ef svá kann verða at þeir láti…, if it may be so that they might…, Fms. xi. 94.
    γ. with a subj. denoting design, answering to ϊνα or Lat. ut with subj., in order that; at öll veraldar bygðin viti, ut sciat totus orbis, Stj.; þeir skáru fyrir þá melinn, at þeir dæi eigi af sulti, ut ne fame perirent, Nj. 265; fyrsti hlutr bókarinnar er Kristindómsbálkr, at menn skili, in order that men may understand, Gþl. p. viii.
    III. used in connection with conjunctions,
    1. esp. þó, því, svá; þó at freq. contr. þótt; svát is rare and obsolete.
    α. þóat, þótt (North. E. ‘thof’), followed by a subjunctive, though, although, Lat. etsi, quamquam (very freq.); þóat nokkurum mönnum sýnist þetta með freku sett… þá viljum vér, Fms. vi. 21: phrases as, gef þú mér þó at úverðugri, etsi indignae (dat.), Stj. MS. col. 315, are unclass., and influenced by the Latin: sometimes ellipt. without ‘þó,’ eigi mundi hón þá meir hvata göngu sinni, at (= þóat) hon hraeddist bana sinn, Edda 7, Nj. 64: ‘þó’ and ‘at’ separated, svarar hann þó rétt, at hann svari svá, Grág. i. 23; þó er rétt at nýta, at hann sé fyrr skorinn, answering to Engl. yet—though, Lat. attamen —etsi, K. Þ. K.
    β. því at, because, Lat. nam, quia, with indic.; því at allir vóru gerfiligir synir hans, Ld. 68; því at af íþróttum verðr maðr fróðr, Sks. 16: separated, því þegi ek, at ek undrumst, Fms. iii. 201; því er þessa getið, at þat þótti, it i s mentioned because …, Ld. 68.
    γ. svá at, so that, Lat. ut, ita ut; grátrinn kom upp, svá at eingi mátti öðrum segja, Edda 37: separated, so … that, svá úsvúst at …, so bad weather, that, Bs. i. 339, etc.
    2. it is freq. used superfluously, esp. after relatives; hver at = hverr, quis; því at = því, igitur; hverr at þekkr ok þægiligr mun verða, Fms. v. 159; hvern stvrk at hann mundi fá, 44; ek undrumst hvé mikil ógnarraust at liggr í þér, iii. 201; því at ek mátti eigi þar vera elligar, því at þar var kristni vel haldin, Fas. i. 340.
    IV. as a relat. conj.:
    1. temp, when, Lat. quum; jafnan er ( est) mér þá verra er ( quum) ek fer á braut þaðan, en þá at ( quum) ek kem, Grett. 150 A; þar til at vér vitum, till we know, Fms. v. 52; þá at ek lýsta (= þá er), when, Nj. 233.
    2. since, because; ek færi yðr (hann), at þér eruð í einum hrepp allir, because of your being all of the same Rape, Grág. i. 260; eigi er kynlegt at ( though) Skarphéðinn sé hraustr, at þat er mælt at…, because (since) it is a saying that…, Nj. 64.
    V. in mod. writers it is also freq. superfluously joined to the conjunctions, ef að = ef, si, (Lv. 45 is from a paper MS.), meðan að = meðan, dum; nema að, nisi; fyrst að = fyrst, quoniam; eptir að, síðan að, postquam; hvárt að = hvárt, Lat. an. In the law we find passages such as, þá er um er dæmt eina sök, at þá eigu þeir aptr at ganga í dóminn, Grág. i. 79; ef þing ber á hina helgu viku, at þat á eigi fyrir þeim málum at standa, 106; þat er ok, at þeir skulu reifa mál manna, 64; at þeir skulu með váttorð þá sök sækja, 65: in all these cases ‘at’ is either superfluous or, which is more likely, of an ellipt. nature, ‘the law decrees’ or ‘it is decreed’ being understood. The passages Sks. 551, 552, 568, 718 B, at lokit (= at ek hefi lokit), at hugleitt (= at ek hefi h.), at sent (= at ek hefi sent) are quite exceptional.
    4.
    and að, an indecl. relat. pronoun [Ulf. þatei = ος, ος αν, οστις, οσπερ, οιος, etc.; Engl. that, Ormul. at], with the initial letter dropped, as in the conj. at, (cp. also the Old Engl. at, which is both a conj. and a pronoun, e. g. Barbour vi. 24 in Jamieson: ‘I drede that his gret wassalage, | And his travail may bring till end, | That at men quhilc full litil wend.’ | ‘His mestyr speryt quhat tithings a t he saw.’—Wyntoun v. 3. 89.) In Icel. ‘er’ (the relat. pronoun) and ‘at’ are used indifferently, so that where one MS. reads ‘er,’ another reads ‘at,’ and vice versâ; this may easily be seen by looking at the MSS.; yet as a rule ‘er’ is much more freq. used. In mod. writers ‘at’ is freq. turned into ‘eð,’ esp. as a superfluous particle after the relative pron. hverr (hver eð, hvað eð, hverir eð, etc.), or the demonstr. sá (sá eð, þeir eð, hinir eð, etc.):—who, which, that, enn bezta grip at ( which) hafði til Íslands komið, Ld. 202; en engi mun sá at ( cui) minnisamara mun vera, 242; sem blótnaut at ( quae) stærst verða, Fms. iii. 214; þau tiðendi, at mér þætti verri, Nj. 64, etc. etc.
    5.
    n. collision (poët.); odda at, crossing of spears, crash of spears, Höfuðl. 8.
    β. a fight or bait of wild animals, esp. of horses, v. hesta-at and etja.
    6.
    the negative verbal suffix, v. -a.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > AT

  • 19 ὅπως

    ὅπως, [dialect] Ep. also and [dialect] Aeol. [full] ὅππως, [dialect] Ion. [full] ὅκως, [dialect] Dor. [full] ὁπῶς acc. to A.D.Adv.173.11: correlat. to ὡς and πῶς.
    A ADV. OF MANNER, Relat. as, in such manner as, and with interrog. force how, in what manner, rarely indef., v. infr. A. V.
    B FINAL CONJUNCTION, in such a manner that, in order that.
    A ADV. OF MANNER, how, as:
    I Relat. to ὥς or οὕτως (like ὡς), in such manner as, as:
    1 with the ordinary Constr. of the Relat.:
    a with ind.,

    ἦ τοι νόστον, ὅπως φρεσὶ σῇσι μενοινᾷς, ὥς τοι Ζεὺς τελέσειεν Od.15.111

     ;

    οὕτως ὅ... S.Tr. 330

     ;

    ὧδ' ὅ. Id.El. 1301

     ;

    οὕτως ὅ. δύνανται Th.7.67

    : sts. an analogous word replaces the antec. Adv., με τοῖον ἔθηκεν, ὅπως (for οἷον)

    ἐθέλει Od.16.208

     : freq. without any antec. expressed, ἔλθοι ὅ... ἐθέλω (sc. αὐτὸν ἐλθεῖν) 14.172 ;

    ἔρξον ὅ. ἐθέλεις Il.4.37

    , Od.13.145 ;

    χρῶ ὅ. βούλει X.Cyr.8.3.46

    ; ποίει ὅ. ἄριστόν σοι δοκεῖ εἶναι ib.4.5.50 ; ὅ. ἔχω as I am, on the spot, S. Ph. 819.
    b with [tense] fut. ind., esp. after Verbs of seeing, providing, taking care.., in the manner in which, how, that,

    οἱ Περσικοὶ νόμοι ἐπιμέλονται ὅπως μὴ τοιοῦτοι ἔσονται οἱ πολῖται X.Cyr.1.2.3

    ;

    ποιέειν ὅκως μηκέτι κεῖνος ἐς Ἕλληνας ἀπίξεται Hdt.5.23

     ;

    ἐφρόντιζον ὅκως μὴ λείψομαι τῶν πρότερον γενομένων Id.7.8

    .ά, cf. Pl.Ap. 29e ;

    ἔπρασσον ὅπως τις βοήθεια ἥξει Th.3.4

     ;

    τοῦτο μηχανᾶσθαι ὅπως ἀποφεύξεται πᾶν ποιῶν θάνατον Pl.Ap. 39a

     ;

    τούτου στοχαζόμενοι, ὅπως.. ἔσονται Id.Grg. 502e

     (cf. infr.111.1 b, etc.): this [tense] fut. ind. may become opt. after a historical tense,

    ἐπεμελεῖτο ὅπως μήτε ἄσιτοι μήτε ἄποτοί ποτε ἔσοιντο X.Cyr.8.1.43

    , cf. HG7.5.3, Cyr.8.1.10, Oec.7.5, Ages.2.8 ; and ὅπως is freq. used interchangeably with such forms as δι' ὧν, ὅτῳ τρόπῳ, etc.,

    εἰσηγοῦνται μὴ δι' ὧν.. ἀσκήσουσιν, ἀλλ' ὅπως.. δόξουσι Isoc.1.4

    , cf. Th.6.11: this sense easily passes into a final sense, so that,

    τοῦτο ἀπόβαλε οὕτω ὅκως μηκέτι ἥξει Hdt.3.40

     ; οὕτω δ' (sc. ποίει)

    ὅπως μήτηρ σε μὴ 'πιγνώσεται S.El. 1296

    , cf. Ar.Ra. 905, X.Cyr.4.5.25, HG 2.4.17 ; v. infr. B.
    2 with ἄν ([dialect] Ep. κε ) and subj. in indefinite sentences, in whatever way, just as, however,

    ὅππως κεν ἐθέλῃσιν Il.20.243

     (but ὅπως ἐθέλῃσιν (without κε) Od.1.349, 6.189) ;

    οὕτως ὅκως ἂν καὶ δυνώμεθα Hdt.8.143

     ;

    οὕτως ὅπως ἂν αὐτοὶ βούλωνται X.Cyr.1.1.2

    , cf. IG22.1.13 (v B. C.), Pl.Phd. 116a, Smp. 174b, etc.
    b with opt. after historical tenses,

    οὕτως ὅ. τύχοιεν Th.8.95

     ;

    ὅ. βούλοιντο X.HG 2.3.13

     ; in a gnomic statement,

    εἰκῇ κράτιστον ζῆν ὅ. δύναιτό τις S. OT 979

     : when ἄν appears with the opt., it belongs to the Verb and not to ὅπως, ὅ. ἄν τις ὀνομάσαι τοῦτο however one might think fit to call it, D.13.4.
    3 a very common phrase is οὐκ ἔστιν ὅ. ( οὐκ ἔσθ' ὅπως ) there is no way in which.., it cannot be that,

    οὐκ ἔστι ὅκως κοτὲ σοὺς δέξονται λόγους Hdt.7.102

    , cf. Ar.Pl.18, D.18.208, al.; so οὐκ ἔστιν ὅ. οὐ, fieri non potest quin,

    οὐκ ἔσθ' ὅ. οὐ πιστὸν ἐξ ὑμῶν πτερὸν ἐξήγαγ' S.OC97

    , cf. Ar.Ach. 116, Eq. 426, Th. 882, Pl.Ap. 27e ; οὐδαμῶς ὅ. οὐ, in answer, it must positively be so, Id.Tht. 160d ; so also

    οὐκ ἂν γένοιτο τοῦθ' ὅ... οὐ φανῶ S.OT 1058

     ; οὐ γὰρ γένοιτ' ἄν, ταῦθ' ὅ. οὐχ ὧδ' ἔχειν (anacoluth. for ἔχει or ἕξει) Id.Aj. 378 : so in questions, ἔσθ' ὅ... ἔλθωμεν; Ar.V. 471 (v.l. -οιμεν) ; ἔστιν οὖν ὅ. ὁ τοιοῦτος φιλοσοφήσει; Pl.R. 495a, cf. Phdr. 262b, Tht. 154c : so, besides ind. of all tenses, οὐκ ἔσθ' ὅ. may be folld. by opt. with

    ἄν, οὐ γάρ ἐσθ' ὅπως μί' ἡμέρα γένοιτ' ἂν ἡμέραι δύο Ar.Nu. 1181

    , cf. V. 212, Isoc.12.156, Pl.La. 184c: by ind. with

    ἄν, οὐκ ἔστιν ὅπως ἂν.. κατέστησαν Isoc. 15.206

    , cf. D.33.28 : ἄν is omitted in

    οὐκ ἔσθ' ὅπως λέξαιμι A.Ag. 620

    , cf. E.Alc.52, Ar.V. 471 (v.l. ἔλθωμεν).
    4 in Trag., etc., like ὡς in comparisons,

    κῦμ' ὅπως A.Pr. 1001

     ;

    γῄτης ὅπως S.Tr.32

    , cf. 442, 683 ;

    ὅπως δρῦν ὑλοτόμοι σχίζουσι κάρα Id.El.98

     (anap.) ; ὅπως ἁ πάνδυρτος ἀηδών ib. 1076 (lyr.), cf. Ph. 777, E.Andr. 1140 ;

    ὅκως τις καλλίης κάτω κύπτων Herod.3.41

     ; so in [dialect] Locr. Prose,

    ὅπω (ς) ξένον IG9(1).334.2

     (V B.C.).
    5 like ὡς or ὅτι, with [comp] Sup. of Advs.,

    ὅ. ἄριστα A.Ag. 600

    , IG12.44.8, etc.; ὅ. ἀνωτάτω as high up as possible, Ar. Pax 207 ; in full, οὕτως ὅ. ἥδιστα (sc. ἔχει) S.Tr. 330.
    6 with a gen. added, σοῦσθε ὅ. ποδῶν run as you are off for feet, i. e. as quick as you can, A.Supp. 837 (lyr., where however < ἔχετε> shd. prob. be added); v. infr. 111.10, ἔχω (A) B. 11.2b.
    7 sts. of Time, when,

    Τρῶες.. ὅπως ἴδον αἷμ' Ὀδυσῆος.., ἐπ' αὐτῷ πάντες ἔβησαν Il.11.459

    , cf. 12.208, Od.3.373: freq. in Hdt. with opt., whenever,

    ὅκως μὲν εἴη ἐν τῇ γῇ καρπὸς ἁδρός 1.17

    , cf. 68, 100, 162, 186, 2.13, 174, al.: in Trag. and Com., A.Pers. 198, S.El. 749, Tr. 765, Ar.Nu. 60 : with [comp] Sup. of Advs.,

    ὅ. πρῶτα

     as soon as,

    Hes.Th. 156

     ;

    ὅ. ὤκιστα Thgn.427

     ;

    ὅ. τάχιστα A.Pr. 230

    .
    8 of Place, where, dub. in Herod.3.75.
    II ὅπως is sts. used to introduce the substance of a statement, after Verbs of saying, thinking, or perceiving, that, how,

    λόγῳ ἀνάπεισον ὅκως.. Hdt.1.37

     ;

    οὐδὲ φήσω ὅκως.. Id.2.49

    , cf. 3.115, 116 ;

    τοῦτ' αὐτὸ μή μοι φράζ', ὅπως οὐκ εἶ κακός S.OT 548

    , cf. Ant. 223, Pl.Euthd. 296e ; after ἐλπίζειν, S.El. 963, E.Heracl. 1051 ; after Verbs of emotion, ἐμοὶ δ' ἄχος.., ὅπως δὴ δηρὸν ἀποίχεται grief is mine, when I think how.. (i. e. that..), Od.4.109, cf. S.Ph. 169 (lyr.); after θαυμάζω freq. in [dialect] Att.,

    θαυμάζω ὅ. ποτὲ ἐπείσθησαν Ἀθηναῖοι X.Mem.1.1.20

    , cf. Pl.Cri. 43a.
    2 οὐχ ὅ... ἀλλὰ or ἀλλὰ καὶ.. is not only not.. but.., and is expld. by an ellipsis of λέγω or ἐρῶ (cf. ὅτι IV), οὐχ ὅ. κωλυταὶ.. γενήσεσθε, ἀλλὰ καὶ.. δύναμιν προσλαβεῖν περιόψεσθε not only will you not become.., but you will also.., Th.1.35, cf. X.HG5.4.34, D.6.9 ;

    οὐχ ὅ. ὑμῖν τῶν αὑτοῦ τι ἐπέδωκεν, ἀλλὰ τῶν ὑμετέρων πολλὰ ὑφῄρηται Lys.30.26

     ;

    οὐχ ὅ. τούτων χάριν ἀπέδοσαν, ἀλλ' ἀπολιπόντες ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν Λακεδαιμονίων συμμαχίαν εἰσῆλθον Isoc.14.27

    , cf. D.18.131, 53.13 ;

    οὐ γὰρ ὅπως.., ἀλλὰ καὶ.. Id.21.11

     ;

    οὔκουν ὅπως.., ἀλλὰ.. X.Cyr.8.2.12

     ; also

    οὐχ ὅ..., ἀλλ' οὐδέ.., οὐχ ὅ. ἀδικοῦντες, ἀλλ' οὐδ' ἐπιδημοῦντες ἐφυγαδευόμεθα Id.HG2.4.14

     ;

    οὐχ ὅ. τῆς κοινῆς ἐλευθερίας μετέχομεν, ἀλλ' οὐδὲ δουλείας μετρίας τυχεῖν ἠξιώθημεν Isoc.14.5

     ;

    διμοιρίαν λαμβάνων ἐν ταῖς θοίναις οὐχ ὅπως ἀμφοτέραις ἐχρῆτο, ἀλλὰ διαπέμπων οὐδετέραν αὑτῷ κατέλειπε X.Ages.5.1

     ;

    οὐχ ὅ. ζημιοῦν, ἀλλὰ μηδ' ἀτιμάζειν.. Th.3.42

     : so sts. μὴ ὅ. (where an imper. must be supplied), μὴ ὅ. ὀρχεῖσθαι ἀλλ' οὐδὲ ὀρθοῦσθαι ἐδύνασθε do not think that you could dance = so far from being able to dance, X.Cyr.1.3.10.
    b οὐχ ὅ. rarely follows another clause, to say nothing of.., let alone..,

    πεπαύμεθ' ἡμεῖς, οὐχ ὅ. σε παύσομεν S.El. 796

     ; μηδ' ἐμπίδα, οὐχ ὅπως ταῦρον ἔτι ἄρασθαι δυνάμενος.. let alone a bull, Luc.Cont.8, cf. Prom.8, Pr.Im.7, Pisc. 31.
    III in in direct questions, how, in what way or manner:
    1 with ind.,
    a

    ἔσπετε νῦν μοι ὅππως δὴ.. πῦρ ἔμπεσε νηυσίν Il.16.113

     ;

    εἴπ' ἄγε μ'.. ὅππως τούσδ' ἵππους λάβετον 10.545

     ;

    εὖ μοι κατάλεξον ὅπως ἤντησας Od.3.97

     ;

    ὅπως ἠφανίσθη οὐδὲ λόγῳ εἰκότι δύνανται ἀποφαίνειν Antipho 5.26

     ;

    Ἀλκιβιάδης ἀνήχθη.. ἐπὶ κατασκοπὴν.. τοῦ οἴκαδε κατάπλου ὅπως ἡ πόλις πρὸς αὐτὸν ἔχοι X.HG1.4.11

     ;

    οὐδέ τί πω σάφα ἴδμεν ὅπως ἔσται τάδε ἔργα Il.2.252

    , etc.
    2 with deliberative subj. after Verbs of deliberation, taking care, and the like ,

    λεύσσει ὅπως ὄχ' ἄριστα.. γένηται Il.3.110

     ; ἐνόησεν (gnomic [tense] aor.)

    ὅππως κέρδος ἔῃ 10.225

     ;

    ἀλλ' ἄγεθ' ἡμεῖς οἵδε περιφραζώμεθα πάντες νόστον ὅπως ἔλθῃσι Od.1.77

    , cf. 13.365 ;

    οὐκ οἶδ' ὅπως.. φῶ S.OT 1367

    , cf. Aj. 428, Lys.8.5, Pl.Men. 91d ;

    ἐπιμελητέον ὅπως τρέφωνται οἱ ἵπποι X.Eq.Mag.1.3

    , cf. Oec.7.36,37,9.14, 15.1, Pl.Grg. 515c.—Sts. the [tense] fut. and subj. are conjoined without difference of meaning,

    ἐπράττετο γὰρ.., πρῶτον μὲν ὅπως μὴ περιμείνητε.., δεύτερον δὲ ὅπως ψηφιε̄σθε.., τρίτον δὲ ὅπως μὴ ἔσται Aeschin.3.65

    , cf. X. Ages.7.7, Mem.2.2.10.—On ὅπως ἄν (κεν), v. infr. 5.
    3 with opt. after tenses of past time, τῶν ἀδῄλων ὅπως ἀποβήσοιτο ib.1.3.2, etc.: after Verbs of deliberation, being virtually orat. obliq., μερμήριξε.. Ἥρη ὅπως ἐξαπάφοιτο (orat. rect. πῶς ἐξαπάφωμαι;) Il.14.160 ;

    μερμήριζεν ὅπως ἀπολοίατο πᾶσαι νῆες Od.9.554

    , cf. 420 ;

    οὐ γὰρ εἴχομεν.. ὅπως δρῶντες καλῶς πράξαιμεν S.Ant. 271

     ;

    ἐπεμελήθημεν ὅπως ἐξαλειφθείη αὐτῷ τὰ ἁμαρτήματα Lys.6.39

    , cf. 13.32, X.Cyr.6.2.11.
    4 with opt. and ἄν freq. expressing a wish, which in orat. rect. would be expressed by

    πῶς ἄν, σκόπει ὅ. ἂν ἀποθάνοιμεν ἀνδρικώτατα Ar.Eq.81

     (v.l. ἀποθάνωμεν), cf. Nu. 760 ;

    βουλευόμενοι ὅ. ἂν τὴν ἡγεμονίαν λάβοιεν τῆς Ἑλλάδος X.HG7.1.33

    , cf. Cyr.2.1.4 ; τῶν ἄλλων ἐπιμελεῖται ὅ. ἂν θηρῷεν (v.l. -ῶσιν) ib.1.2.10: the opt. with ἄν and subj. sts. appear in consecutive clauses, Id.HG3.2.1.
    5 ὅπως ἄν (κεν) with the subj. is used after imper. or inf. used as imper.,

    πείρα ὅπως κεν δὴ σὴν πατρίδα γαῖαν ἵκηαι Od.4.545

    ;

    φράζεσθαι.., ὅππως κε μνηστῆρας.. κτείνῃς 1.295

    ;

    σκοπεῖτε.., ὅ. ἂν ὑμῖν πρᾶγος εὖ νικᾷ τόδε A.Supp. 233

    , etc.;

    φύλασσε.. ἔπειθ' ὅ. ἂν.. ἡ χάρις.. ἐξ ἁπλῆς διπλῆ φανῇ S.Tr. 618

    , cf. E.IA 539 : in Prose,

    ἐπιμεληθῆναι ὅ. ἂν.. X.Cyr.8.3.6

    , cf. Pl.Prt. 326a;

    μηχανᾶσθαι Id.Phdr. 239b

    , Grg. 481a, cf. Ar.Eq. 917.
    6 rarely c. inf.,

    ἐπιμελήθητε προθύμως ὅπως διπλάσια.. σῖτα καὶ ποτὰ παρασκευασθῆναι X.Cyr.4.2.37

     (v.l. -εσκευασμένα ᾖ), cf. Oec.7.29, HG6.2.32; so later ὅπως παρακολουθῆμεν ([dialect] Dor. inf.) Supp.Epigr.1.170.18 (cf. p.138, Delph., ii B. C.); ὅπως.. ἔχειν, ὅπως.. εἴργεσθαι, D.S.20.4,85;

    ὅπως πέμπιν PTeb.315.30

     (ii A. D.).
    7 after Verbs of fear and caution, ὅπως and ὅπως μή are used with [tense] fut. ind. or [tense] aor. subj. :— the readings are freq. uncertain: the following (among others) are made certain either by the metre or the form,
    a with [tense] fut. ind.,

    δέδοιχ' ὅπως μὴ τεύξομαι Ar.Eq. 112

     ;

    παντὶ λόγῳ ἀντιτείνετε εὐλαβούμενοι ὅπως μὴ.. οἰχήσομαι Pl.Phd. 91c

     ;

    φόβος.. ἔστιν.. ὅπως μὴ αὖθις διασχισθησόμεθα Id.Smp. 193a

     : sts. the preceding Verb is omitted,

    ὅπως μὴ οὐκ.. ἔσομαι Id.Men. 77a

    .
    b with [tense] aor. subj.,

    τὴν θεὸν δ' ὅ. λάθω δέδοικα E.IT 995

    ;

    φυλάττου, ὅ. μὴ εἰς τοὐναντίον ἔλθῃς X.Mem.3.6.16

     : rarely with [tense] pres.,

    οὐ φοβεῖ ὅ. μὴ ἀνόσιον πρᾶγμα τυγχάνῃς πράττων Pl.Euthphr.4e

     : sts. the preceding Verb is omitted, with [tense] aor. subj.,

    ὅκως μή τι ὑμῖν πανώλεθρον κακὸν ἐς τὴν χώρην ἐσβάλωσι Hdt.6.85

     : with [tense] pres. subj.,

    ὅπως μὴ.. ᾖ τοῦτο Pl.Cra. 430d

    .
    c with opt. representing subj. after a historical tense, X. Mem.2.9.3.
    8 this Constr. is used in admonitions or commands: in the orig. Constr. a Verb implying caution or circumspection precedes,

    ὅρα ὅκως μή σευ ἀποστήσονται Πέρσαι Hdt.3.36

     ;

    ἄθρει.. ὅπως μὴ ἐκδύσεται Ar.V. 141

    ; τηρώμεσθ' ὅπως μὴ.. αἰσθήσεται ib. 372 : but this came to be omitted, and ὅπως or ὅπως μή with [tense] fut. ind. or [tense] aor. subj. are exactly = the imper.,

    ἔμβα χὤπως ἀρεῖς Id.Ra. 378

     (lyr.): most freq. with [tense] fut. ind., ὅκως λόγον δώσεις τῶν μετεχείρισας χρημάτων, = δίδου λόγον, Hdt.3.142 ; ὅπως παρέσει μοι, = πάρισθι, Ar.Av. 131 ;

    ὅπως πετήσει Id. Pax77

    , cf. X.An.1.7.3, Lys.1.21, 12.50, Pl.Grg. 489a, etc.: rarely with I pers.,

    ὁποῖα κισσὸς δρυός, ὅπως τῆσδ' ἕξομαι E.Hec. 398

    , cf. Ar.Ec. 297 (lyr.): very rarely with [tense] aor. subj.,

    ὅπως μή τι ἡμᾶς σφήλῃ Pl.Euthd. 296a

     codd.;

    ὅπως μὴ.. ἐξαπατήσῃ Id.Prt. 313c

     ;

    ὅπως μὴ ποιήσητε D.4.20

     codd.—The codd. freq. vary, as between διδάξεις and

    - ξῃς Ar.Nu. 824

     ; τιμωρήσονται and

    - ωνται Th.1.56

    ; πράξομεν and - ωμεν ib.82 ; θορυβήσει and

    - σῃ D.13.14

    , etc.—Since the [tense] fut. is frequently, and the [tense] aor. (whether 1 or 2) rarely guaranteed by metre or form, the [tense] aor. 1 forms shd. prob. be rejected, both in signf. 7 and 8, in cases where codd. vary.
    9 as the echo to a preceding πῶς; in dialogue, A καὶ πῶς; B ὅπως; [do you ask] how? Ar. Eq. 128; A πῶς με χρὴ καλεῖν; B ὅπως; Id.Nu. 677, cf. Pl. 139.
    10 with a gen. (v. supr. 1.6),

    οὐκ οἶδα παιδείας ὅπως ἔχει καὶ δικαιοσύνης

     in the matter of..,

    Pl.Grg. 470e

    , cf. R. 389c.
    IV in direct questions, how? ἔπραξας ὅπως; Jul.Ep.82p.106B.-C.; cf. ὅστις.
    V indef., anyhow, τὸ οὐδ' ὅ. the expression 'not at all', Pl.Tht. 183b (v.l. οὐδ' οὕτως).
    B FINAL CONJUNCTION, that, in order that, the original notion of modality being merged in that of purpose or design, cf. ἵνα, with which it is sts. interchanged, Antipho 1.23 and 24, And.3.14, Lycurg. 119 sq.:—in early [dialect] Att. Inscrr. only ὅπως ἄν is used, IG12.39.19, al. ; ὅπως without ἄν only once in cent. iv B. C., ib.22.226.42 (343 B.C.), after which it becomes gradually prevalent:
    1 with subj.,
    a after primary tenses, or after subj. or imper.,

    τὸν δὲ μνηστῆρες.. λοχῶσιν, ὅπως ἀπὸ φῦλον ὄληται Od.14.181

    , cf. A.Ch. 873, S.Ph. 238, El. 457, X.Mem.2.10.2, etc.
    b after historical tenses (v.

    ἵνα B. 1.1b

    ), when there is no [tense] pf. form, or when the [tense] aor. represents the [tense] pf., ξυνελέγημεν ἐνθάδε, ὅ. προμελετήσωμεν we were convened, i. e. we have met in assembly, Ar.Ec. 117 ;

    παρήλθομεν.., ὅπως μὴ χεῖρον βουλεύσησθε Th.1.73

     ; also when the occurrence purposed is regarded from the point of view of the person purposing, ἦλθον πρεσβευσόμενοι, ὅπως μὴ σφίσι.. τὸ αὐτῶν [ναυτικὸν] ἐμπόδιον γένηται ib.31, cf. 57,65, etc.: sts. the opt. and subj. appear in consecutive clauses,

    φρυκτοὺς παρεσκευασμένους ἐς αὐτὸ τοῦτο, ὅπως ἀσαφῆ τὰ σημεῖα.. ᾖ καὶ μὴ βοηθοῖεν Id.3.22

    , cf. 6.96, 7.17.
    2 with opt. after historical tenses,

    πὰρ δέ οἱ αὐτὸς ἔστη, ὅπως.. κῆρας ἀλάλκοι Il.21.548

     ; more freq. in Od., as 13.319, 14.312, 18.160, 22.472; so in S.OT 1005, OC 1305, X.Cyr.1.4.25, Pl.Ti. 77e, etc.: after historical [tense] pres.,

    πέμπει τούσδ' ὅπως κτείνοιεν A.Pers. 450

     ;

    ἡγεμόνα πέμπει ὅπως ἄγοι X.An.4.7.19

     : after opt.,

    ἔλθοι.. ὅ. γένοιτο A.Eu. 297

    , cf. S.Aj. 1221 (lyr.).
    3 with ind.,
    a of historical tenses, where the principal clause expresses an action or obligation unfulfilled,

    εἴθ' εἶχε φωνὴν ἔμφρον' ἀγγέλου δίκην, ὅ. δίφροντις οὖσα μὴ 'κινυσσόμην A.Ch. 196

    , cf. S.El. 1134: rare in Prose,

    ἐδεξάμην ἃν.. φράσαι πρὸς ὑμᾶς.., ὅ... προῄδετε And.2.21

     ; τίς οὐκ ἂν.. ταῦτα ἐδήλωσεν, ὅ... ταῦτα ἠλέγχθη; D.36.20;

    οὐκοῦν ἐχρῆν σε Πηγάσου ζεῦξαι πτερόν, ὅ. ἐφαίνου τοῖς θεοῖς τραγικώτερος Ar. Pax 135

    ; τί.. οὐκ ἔρριψ' ἐμαυτὴν.. ὅ. ἀπηλλάγην; A.Pr. 749.
    b of [tense] fut., θέλγει, ὅ. Ἰθάκης ἐπιλήσεται (= φραζομένη ὅπως ἐ.) Od.1.57, cf. Il.1.136 ;

    [χρὴ] ἀναβιβάζειν ἐπὶ τὸν τροχὸν τοὺς ἀπογραφέντας, ὅ. μὴ πρότερον νὺξ ἔσται And.1.43

     ;

    ἐμισθώσατο τοῦτον.., ὅ. συνερεῖ D.19.316

     : sts. [tense] fut. ind. and [tense] aor. subj. are conjoined,

    σιγᾶθ', ὅ. μὴ πεύσεταί τις, ὦ τέκνα, γλώσσης χάριν δὲ πάντ' ἀπαγγείλῃ τάδε A. Ch. 265

    .
    II ὅπως c. subj. is sts. used after Verbs of will and endeavour, instead of the inf.,

    λίσσεσθαι.. ὅ. νημερτέα εἴπῃ Od.3.19

     ;

    αἰτεῖσθαι ὅ. μὴ καταψηφίσησθε Antipho 1.12

     ; δεήσεται.., ὅ. δίκην μὴ δῷ ib.23 ;

    ὅ. μὴ ἀποθάνῃ ἠντεβόλει Lys.1.29

     ; παρακελεύεσθε ὑμῖν

    αὐτοῖς ὅ... ἐξίητε Lycurg.127

     ( ἔξιτε Rehdantz): with

    ἄν, δεῖταί μου σφόδρα ὅπως ἂν οἰκουρῇ Ar.Ach. 1060

    , cf. Hdt.2.126, 3.44 ;

    διεκελεύετο ὅπως ἂν.. ἐγγράφωσί με Is.7.27

    ; so δεῖ σ' ὅ. δείξεις (for δεῖξαι), S.Aj. 556, may be expld. as ellipsis for δεῖ σ' ὁρᾶν (σκοπεῖν) ὅπως, cf. Id.Ph.55 ;

    δεῖ σ' ὅπως.. μηδὲν διοίσεις.. Cratin.108

    .

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ὅπως

  • 20 М-99

    всё СТАНОВИТСЯ/СТАЛО (ВСТАЛО) НА СВОИ МЕСТА (НА (СВОЁ) МЕСТО) VP subj. все usu. pfv usu. this WO
    1. things are developing toward, have reached, or have gone back to a point where the situation is considered normalized, is as expected, desired etc: все стало на свои места - everything fell into place (sorted itself out)
    (when things return to their previous, normal state) everything returned (went back) to normal things got back on course (track).
    «Вы знаете, Оленька, - мягким кошачьим голоском говорила эта огромная заплывшая жиром туша, - разрешите мне показать этот роман вышестоящему лицу. Вполне возможно, все станет на своё место» (Ивинская 1). "I tell you what, Olenka," she said in a soft, purring voice-she was a woman of enormous bulk, covered in rolls of fat-"let me show the novel to someone high up. It is quite possible that everything will then fall into place" (1a).
    ...Она ясно осознала: у нее нет к нему любви, а есть только замешательство - в её жизнь неожиданно вторгся необыкновенный человек. И это замешательство надо преодолеть немедленно, не откладывая, и она отослала ему незаконченный портрет. Всё встало на свои места (Рыбаков 1)....She realized very clearly that she didn't love him, that her feelings were simply confused, because an unusual man had intruded into her life unexpectedly. This confusion had to be overcome immediately, without delay, so she sent back the unfinished portrait Everything returned to normal (1a).
    2. (in refer to s.o. 's understanding of the interconnection between various facts, phenomena etc) everything becomes clear and explainable: все стало на свои места - everything fell into place.
    И вдруг все стало на свои места. «Так вот что он имел в виду! - подумал Виктор про Голема. - Умные и все на подбор талантливые... Тогда что же это выходит? Тогда выходит, что они уже не люди. Зурзмансор мне просто баки забивал» (Стругацкие 1). And suddenly everything fell into place. "So that's what he has in mind!" Victor thought, remembering Golem "Intelligent and talented, every single one of them And what does it lead to? That they're not human anymore. Zurzmansor was just pulling the wool over my eyes" (1a).
    3. (in refer, to the normalization of a person's visual perception of reality, temporarily distorted by dizziness, confusion etc) everything is again perceived by s.o. as it exists in reality
    everything returned (went back) to normal.

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > М-99

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